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Recent Theoretical Work on the Soft Budget Constraint
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Cited by:
- Jan Hagemejer & Peter Szewczyk & Joanna Tyrowicz, 2018. "Misallocations go a long way: evidence from firm-level data," GRAPE Working Papers 31, GRAPE Group for Research in Applied Economics.
- Kornai, János & Maskin, Eric & Roland, Gérard, 2022.
"A puha költségvetési korlát - I [The soft budget constraint I],"
Közgazdasági Szemle (Economic Review - monthly of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences), Közgazdasági Szemle Alapítvány (Economic Review Foundation), vol. 0(1), pages 75-93.
- Kornai, János & Maskin, Eric & Roland, Gérard, 2004. "A puha költségvetési korlát I [The soft budget constraint I]," Közgazdasági Szemle (Economic Review - monthly of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences), Közgazdasági Szemle Alapítvány (Economic Review Foundation), vol. 0(7), pages 608-624.
- Kornai, János & Maskin, Eric & Roland, Gérard, 2022. "A puha költségvetési korlát - II [The soft budget constraint II]," Közgazdasági Szemle (Economic Review - monthly of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences), Közgazdasági Szemle Alapítvány (Economic Review Foundation), vol. 0(1), pages 94-132.
- Kornai, János & Maskin, Eric & Roland, Gérard, 2004. "A puha költségvetési korlát - II [The soft budget constraint II]," Közgazdasági Szemle (Economic Review - monthly of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences), Közgazdasági Szemle Alapítvány (Economic Review Foundation), vol. 0(9), pages 777-809.
- Ernesto Crivelli & Klaas Staal, 2010.
"Nationalizations and Efficiency,"
International Advances in Economic Research, Springer;International Atlantic Economic Society, vol. 16(2), pages 239-240, May.
- Crivelli, Ernesto & Staal, Klaas, 2009. "Nationalizations and effciency," Discussion Paper Series of SFB/TR 15 Governance and the Efficiency of Economic Systems 268, Free University of Berlin, Humboldt University of Berlin, University of Bonn, University of Mannheim, University of Munich.
- Nicolas SCELLES, 2016. "Wladimir Andreff (Ed.), Disequilibrium Sports Economics: Competitive Imbalance and Budget Constraints," Journal of Economics and Political Economy, KSP Journals, vol. 3(2), pages 393-410, June.
- Andrew Feltenstein & Saleh M. Nsouli, 2003.
""Big Bang" Versus Gradualism in Economic Reforms: An Intertemporal Analysis with an Application to China,"
IMF Staff Papers, Palgrave Macmillan, vol. 50(3), pages 1-6.
- Mr. Andrew Feltenstein & Mr. Saleh M. Nsouli, 2001. "“Big Bang” Versus Gradualism in Economic Reforms: An Intertemporal Analysis with an Application to China," IMF Working Papers 2001/098, International Monetary Fund.
- Brucker, Herbert & Schroder, Philipp J.H. & Weise, Christian, 2005.
"Can EU conditionality remedy soft budget constraints in transition countries?,"
Journal of Comparative Economics, Elsevier, vol. 33(2), pages 371-386, June.
- Herbert Brücker & Philipp J. H. Schröder & Christian Weise, 2003. "Can EU Conditionality Remedy Soft Budget Constraints in Transition Countries?," Discussion Papers of DIW Berlin 375, DIW Berlin, German Institute for Economic Research.
- Herbert Bruecker & Philipp Schroder & Christian Weise, 2004. "Can EU Conditionality Remedy Soft Budget Constraints In Transition Countries?," Royal Economic Society Annual Conference 2004 126, Royal Economic Society.
- Akai, Nobuo & Sato, Motohiro, 2008. "Too big or too small? A synthetic view of the commitment problem of interregional transfers," Journal of Urban Economics, Elsevier, vol. 64(3), pages 551-559, November.
- Jorratt, Michel & Barra, Patricio, 2002. "Medición del gasto tributario en Chile," Sede de la CEPAL en Santiago (Estudios e Investigaciones) 34875, Naciones Unidas Comisión Económica para América Latina y el Caribe (CEPAL).
- Viol, Andrea Lemgruber, 2002. "Renúncia tributária no Brasil," Sede de la CEPAL en Santiago (Estudios e Investigaciones) 34878, Naciones Unidas Comisión Económica para América Latina y el Caribe (CEPAL).
- Anderson, James H. & Korsun, Georges & Murrell, Peter, 2000.
"Which Enterprises (Believe They) Have Soft Budgets? Evidence on the Effects of Ownership and Decentralization in Mongolia,"
Journal of Comparative Economics, Elsevier, vol. 28(2), pages 219-246, June.
- James H. Anderson & Georges Korsun & Peter Murrell, 1998. "Which Enterprises (Believe They) Have Soft Budgets? Evidence on the Effects of Ownership and Decentralization in Mongolia," Electronic Working Papers 98-002, University of Maryland, Department of Economics.
- AURIOL, Emmanuelle & PICARD, Pierre, 2004.
"Liberal regulation : privatization of natural monopolies with adverse selection,"
LIDAM Discussion Papers CORE
2004013, Université catholique de Louvain, Center for Operations Research and Econometrics (CORE).
- E Auriol & P M Picard, 2004. "Liberal Regulation: Privatization of Natural Monopolies with Adverse Selection," Economics Discussion Paper Series 0403, Economics, The University of Manchester.
- Chow, Clement K.W. & Song, Frank M. & Wong, Kit Pong, 2010. "Investment and the soft budget constraint in China," International Review of Economics & Finance, Elsevier, vol. 19(2), pages 219-227, April.
- Christofzik, Désirée I. & Kessing, Sebastian G., 2014. "Fiscal Supervision and the Soft Budget Constraint: Evidence from Germany," VfS Annual Conference 2014 (Hamburg): Evidence-based Economic Policy 100315, Verein für Socialpolitik / German Economic Association.
- Auriol, Emmanuelle & Blanc, Aymeric, 2009.
"Capture and corruption in public utilities: The cases of water and electricity in Sub-Saharan Africa,"
Utilities Policy, Elsevier, vol. 17(2), pages 203-216, June.
- Auriol, Emmanuelle & Blanc, Aymeric, 2008. "Capture and Corruption in Public Utilities: the Cases of Water and Electricity in Sub-Saharan Africa," IDEI Working Papers 505, Institut d'Économie Industrielle (IDEI), Toulouse.
- -, 2002. "XIV Seminario Regional de Política Fiscal: compendio de documentos," Sede de la CEPAL en Santiago (Estudios e Investigaciones) 34866, Naciones Unidas Comisión Económica para América Latina y el Caribe (CEPAL).
- Crivelli, Ernesto & Staal, Klaas, 2006.
"Size and soft budget constraints,"
Discussion Paper Series of SFB/TR 15 Governance and the Efficiency of Economic Systems
172, Free University of Berlin, Humboldt University of Berlin, University of Bonn, University of Mannheim, University of Munich.
- Ernesto Crivelli & Klaas Staal, 2006. "Size and Soft Budget Constraints," CESifo Working Paper Series 1858, CESifo.
- Ernesto Crivelli & Klaas Staal, 2006. "Size and Soft Budget Constraints," Working Papers 2006-13, University of Kentucky, Institute for Federalism and Intergovernmental Relations.
- Crivelli, Ernesto & Staal, Klaas, 2006. "Size and Soft Budget Constraints," Bonn Econ Discussion Papers 18/2006, University of Bonn, Bonn Graduate School of Economics (BGSE).
- Fabio Padovano, 2014.
"Distribution of transfers and soft budget spending behaviors: evidence from Italian regions,"
Public Choice, Springer, vol. 161(1), pages 11-29, October.
- Fabio Padovano, 2014. "Distribution of transfers and soft budget spending behaviors: evidence from Italian regions," Post-Print halshs-00911854, HAL.
- Mello, Luiz R. de, 2002. "Fiscal decentralization and borrowing costs: the case of local governments," Sede de la CEPAL en Santiago (Estudios e Investigaciones) 34881, Naciones Unidas Comisión Económica para América Latina y el Caribe (CEPAL).
- Grigoriadis, Theocharis N., 2011. "Aid effectiveness and the soft budget constraint: EU development aid to the former Soviet Union," Economics Letters, Elsevier, vol. 112(3), pages 287-289, September.
- Emmanuelle Auriol & Pierre M. Picard, 2009.
"Government Outsourcing: Public Contracting with Private Monopoly,"
Economic Journal, Royal Economic Society, vol. 119(540), pages 1464-1493, October.
- Emmanuelle Auriol & Pierre M. Picard, 2009. "Government Outsourcing: Public Contracting with Private Monopoly," Economic Journal, Royal Economic Society, vol. 119(540), pages 1464-1493, October.
- Auriol, Emmanuelle & picard, pierre, 2006. "Government Outsourcing: Public Contracting with Private Monopoly," CEPR Discussion Papers 5643, C.E.P.R. Discussion Papers.
- Emmanuelle Auriol & Pierre M. Picard, 2006. "Government Outsourcing: Public Contracting with Private Monopoly," CESifo Working Paper Series 1733, CESifo.
- Auriol, Emmanuelle & Picard, Pierre M., 2008. "Government Outsourcing: Public Contracting with Private Monopoly," IDEI Working Papers 382, Institut d'Économie Industrielle (IDEI), Toulouse.
- AURIOL, Emmanuelle & PICARD, Pierre M., 2009. "Government outsourcing: public contracting with private monopoly," LIDAM Reprints CORE 2174, Université catholique de Louvain, Center for Operations Research and Econometrics (CORE).
- Christofzik, Désirée I. & Kessing, Sebastian G., 2018.
"Does fiscal oversight matter?,"
Journal of Urban Economics, Elsevier, vol. 105(C), pages 70-87.
- Désirée Christofzik & Sebastian Kessing, 2014. "Does Fiscal Oversight Matter?," CESifo Working Paper Series 5023, CESifo.
- Desiree Christofzik & Sebastian G. Kessing, 2018. "Does Fiscal Oversight Matter?," Volkswirtschaftliche Diskussionsbeiträge 184-18, Universität Siegen, Fakultät Wirtschaftswissenschaften, Wirtschaftsinformatik und Wirtschaftsrecht.
- Christofzik, Désirée I. & Kessing, Sebastian, 2018. "Does fiscal oversight matter?," Working Papers 01/2018, German Council of Economic Experts / Sachverständigenrat zur Begutachtung der gesamtwirtschaftlichen Entwicklung.
- Padovano, Fabio, 2012.
"The drivers of interregional policy choices: Evidence from Italy,"
European Journal of Political Economy, Elsevier, vol. 28(3), pages 324-340.
- Fabio Padovano, 2012. "The drivers of interregional policy choices: Evidence from Italy," Post-Print halshs-00667964, HAL.
- Emmanuelle Auriol & Pierre M. Picard, 2008.
"Infrastructure and Public Utilities Privatization in Developing Countries,"
The World Bank Economic Review, World Bank, vol. 23(1), pages 77-100, November.
- Auriol, Emmanuelle & Picard, Pierre M., 2006. "Infrastructure and public utilities privatization in developing countries," Policy Research Working Paper Series 3950, The World Bank.
- Auriol, Emmanuelle & picard, pierre, 2006. "Infrastructure and Public Utilities Privatization in Developing Countries," CEPR Discussion Papers 6018, C.E.P.R. Discussion Papers.
- AURIOL, Emmanuelle & PICARD, Pierre M., 2009. "Infrastructure and public utilities privatization in developing countries," LIDAM Reprints CORE 2180, Université catholique de Louvain, Center for Operations Research and Econometrics (CORE).
- Timothy J. Goodspeed, 2017.
"Bailouts and Soft Budget Constraints in Decentralized Government: A Synthesis and Survey of an Alternative View of Intergovernmental Grant Policy,"
Hacienda Pública Española / Review of Public Economics, IEF, vol. 221(2), pages 113-134, June.
- Timothy J. Goodspeed, 2016. "Bailouts and Soft Budget Constraints in Decentralized Government: A Synthesis and Survey of an Alternative View of Intergovernmental Grant Policy," Economics Working Paper Archive at Hunter College 447, Hunter College Department of Economics, revised 07 Nov 2016.
- Sergey Sinelnikov & Pavel Kadochnikov & Ilya Trunin & Sergey Chetverikov & Marianne Vigneault, 2006. "Fiscal Federalism in Russia: Soft Budget Constraints of Regional Governments," Published Papers 47, Gaidar Institute for Economic Policy, revised 2012.
- Takuya Nakaizumi & Satoru Yano, 2017. "The soft budget constraint problem and hard budget solution of outward reinsurance markets for providing insurance to local economy against natural disaster," Asia-Pacific Journal of Regional Science, Springer, vol. 1(2), pages 625-637, October.
- Бухарский В. В. & Лавров А. М., 2021. "Межбюджетные Отношения И Государственное Управление: Возможности И Ограничения Децентрализации," Вопросы государственного и муниципального управления // Public administration issues, НИУ ВШЭ, issue 2, pages 126-153.
- Rodolfo Apreda, 2004. "Corporate Rent-Seeking and the managerial soft-budget constraint," CEMA Working Papers: Serie Documentos de Trabajo. 283, Universidad del CEMA.
- Allers, Maarten & Merkus, Erik, 2013. "Soft budget constraint but no moral hazard? The Dutch local government bailout puzzle," Research Report 13014-EEF, University of Groningen, Research Institute SOM (Systems, Organisations and Management).
- Jérémie Bertrand & Paul-Olivier Klein & Fotios Pasiouras, 2024. "National culture of secrecy and firms’ access to credit," Post-Print hal-04691594, HAL.
- Luiz R. De Mello Jr., 2001. "Fiscal Decentralization and Borrowing Costs: The Case of Local Governments," Public Finance Review, , vol. 29(2), pages 108-138, March.
- Hakimi, Abdelaziz & Hamdi, Helmi, 2013. "The duration of bank relationships and the performance of Tunisian firms," MPRA Paper 55754, University Library of Munich, Germany, revised 2014.
- Coricelli, Fabrizio & Djankov, Simeon, 2001.
"Hardened Budgets and Enterprise Restructuring: Theory and an Application to Romania,"
Journal of Comparative Economics, Elsevier, vol. 29(4), pages 749-763, December.
- Coricelli, Fabrizio & Djankov, Simeon, 2001. "Hardened Budgets and Enterprise Restructuring: Theory and an Application to Romania," CEPR Discussion Papers 2950, C.E.P.R. Discussion Papers.
- Sergey Sinelnikov & Pavel Kadochnikov & Ilya Trunin (ed.), 2006. "Fiscal Federalism in Russia: Soft Budget Constraints of Regional Governments," Books, Gaidar Institute for Economic Policy, edition 1, number 4, February.
- Kenya Fujiwara, 2006. "Corporate Debt Restructuring and Public Financial Institutions in Japan -Do Government-Affiliated Financial Institutions Soften Budget Constraints?," Finance Working Papers 22595, East Asian Bureau of Economic Research.
- Figueroa, Ramón, 2002. "Los avances y potencialidades de los sistemas integrados de administración financiera del sector público," Sede de la CEPAL en Santiago (Estudios e Investigaciones) 34879, Naciones Unidas Comisión Económica para América Latina y el Caribe (CEPAL).
- Vlenadia, Antonio, 2002. "A risk quantification model for public debt management," Sede de la CEPAL en Santiago (Estudios e Investigaciones) 34867, Naciones Unidas Comisión Económica para América Latina y el Caribe (CEPAL).
- Rozenwurcel, Guillermo, 2002. "Política cuasi-fiscal: garantías públicas y manejo de pasivos contingentes," Sede de la CEPAL en Santiago (Estudios e Investigaciones) 34870, Naciones Unidas Comisión Económica para América Latina y el Caribe (CEPAL).
- Ernesto Crivelli & Klaas Staal, 2013.
"Size, spillovers and soft budget constraints,"
International Tax and Public Finance, Springer;International Institute of Public Finance, vol. 20(2), pages 338-356, April.
- Ernesto Crivelli & Klaas Staal, 2008. "Size, Spillovers and Soft Budget Constraints," Discussion Paper Series of the Max Planck Institute for Research on Collective Goods 2008_17, Max Planck Institute for Research on Collective Goods.
- Ganame, María Cecilia & Rezk, Ernesto & Rodas, Lucrecia, 2002. "Financiamiento municipal y sistemas tributarios municipales en Bolivia, Paraguay y Guatemala," Sede de la CEPAL en Santiago (Estudios e Investigaciones) 34880, Naciones Unidas Comisión Económica para América Latina y el Caribe (CEPAL).
- Allan, William & Craig, Jon, 2002. "Fiscal transparency, tax expenditures, and processes: an international perspective," Sede de la CEPAL en Santiago (Estudios e Investigaciones) 34874, Naciones Unidas Comisión Económica para América Latina y el Caribe (CEPAL).
- Adam, Edmund, 2020. "‘Governments base performance-based funding on global rankings indicators’: A global trend in higher education finance or a global rankings literature fiction? A comparative analysis of four performan," International Journal of Educational Development, Elsevier, vol. 76(C).
- Zarko Kalamov & Klaas Staal, 2016.
"Public debt, bailouts, and common bonds,"
International Tax and Public Finance, Springer;International Institute of Public Finance, vol. 23(4), pages 670-692, August.
- Kalamov, Zarko & Staal, Klaas, 2015. "Public Debt, Bailouts and Common Bonds," VfS Annual Conference 2015 (Muenster): Economic Development - Theory and Policy 112979, Verein für Socialpolitik / German Economic Association.
- Feltenstein, Andrew & Iwata, Shigeru, 2005. "Decentralization and macroeconomic performance in China: regional autonomy has its costs," Journal of Development Economics, Elsevier, vol. 76(2), pages 481-501, April.
- Lulfesmann, Christoph, 2007. "On the virtues of privatization when government is benevolent," Journal of Economic Behavior & Organization, Elsevier, vol. 64(1), pages 17-34, September.
- Hussein, Khaled A & Mello, Luiz R. de, 2002. "Is foreign debt portfolio management efficient in emerging economies?: emphasis on Latin America," Sede de la CEPAL en Santiago (Estudios e Investigaciones) 34868, Naciones Unidas Comisión Económica para América Latina y el Caribe (CEPAL).
- El-Haddad, Amirah, 2017. "Welfare gains from utility reforms in Egyptian telecommunications," Utilities Policy, Elsevier, vol. 45(C), pages 1-26.
- Ernesto Crivelli, 2012. "Local Governments’ Fiscal Balance, Privatization, and Banking Sector Reform in Transition Countries," IMF Working Papers 2012/146, International Monetary Fund.
- J. Kornai & E. Maskin & G. Roland, 2004.
"Understanding the Soft Budget Constraint,"
Voprosy Ekonomiki, NP Voprosy Ekonomiki, issue 11.
- János Kornai & Eric Maskin & Gérard Roland, 2003. "Understanding the Soft Budget Constraint," Journal of Economic Literature, American Economic Association, vol. 41(4), pages 1095-1136, December.
- Janos Kornai & Eric Maskin & Gerard Roland, 2002. "Understanding the Soft Budget Constraint," Economics Working Papers 0019, Institute for Advanced Study, School of Social Science.
- Rodolfo Apreda, 2002. "The Governance Slack Model. A Cash Flow Approach for the Budgeting and Accountability of some Corporate Governance Issues," CEMA Working Papers: Serie Documentos de Trabajo. 212, Universidad del CEMA.
- Clavijo Vergara, Sergio, 2002. "Viabilidad de la deuda externa colombiana," Sede de la CEPAL en Santiago (Estudios e Investigaciones) 34869, Naciones Unidas Comisión Económica para América Latina y el Caribe (CEPAL).
- Georg Gebhardt, 2009. "A Soft Budget Constraint Explanation for the Venture Capital Cycle," German Economic Review, Verein für Socialpolitik, vol. 10(1), pages 71-90, February.
- Yijiang Wang & Chong-En Bai, 1999. "The Myth of the East Asian Miracle: The Macroeconomic Implications of Soft Budgets," American Economic Review, American Economic Association, vol. 89(2), pages 432-437, May.
- Cardona Bermeo, Jorge Enrique, 2002. "Manejo de pasivos contingentes en el marco de la disciplina fiscal en Colombia," Sede de la CEPAL en Santiago (Estudios e Investigaciones) 34872, Naciones Unidas Comisión Económica para América Latina y el Caribe (CEPAL).
- Tsuji, Kenji, 2007. "The soft budget constraint, the debt overhang and the optimal degree of credit centralization," Japan and the World Economy, Elsevier, vol. 19(2), pages 187-197, March.
- Rodolfo Apreda, 1999. "Corporate Governance in Argentina - New Developments through 1991-2000," CEMA Working Papers: Serie Documentos de Trabajo. 154, Universidad del CEMA.
- Simonit, Silvia, 2002. "Los gastos tributarios y las renuncias tributarias en América Latina," Sede de la CEPAL en Santiago (Estudios e Investigaciones) 34873, Naciones Unidas Comisión Económica para América Latina y el Caribe (CEPAL).
- Crivelli, Ernesto, 2006. "Sub-National Optimal Budget Allocation and Borrowing under Soft Budget Constraint," Bonn Econ Discussion Papers 24/2006, University of Bonn, Bonn Graduate School of Economics (BGSE).
- Piotr Ciżkowicz & Andrzej Rzońcaz, 2017. "Are Major Central Banks Blinded By The Analytical Elegance Of Their Models? Possible Costs Of Unconventional Monetary Policy Measures," The Singapore Economic Review (SER), World Scientific Publishing Co. Pte. Ltd., vol. 62(01), pages 87-108, March.
- repec:dgr:rugsom:13014-eef is not listed on IDEAS
- Currie, Elizabeth, 2002. "The potential role of government debt management office in monitoring and managing contingent liabilities," Sede de la CEPAL en Santiago (Estudios e Investigaciones) 34871, Naciones Unidas Comisión Económica para América Latina y el Caribe (CEPAL).
- Wagner, Rodrigo, 2018. "Can the market value state-owned enterprises without privatizing them? An application to natural resources companies," Resources Policy, Elsevier, vol. 59(C), pages 282-290.
- Gebhardt, Georg, 2006. "A Soft Budget Constraint Explanation for the Venture Capital Cycle," Discussion Paper Series of SFB/TR 15 Governance and the Efficiency of Economic Systems 173, Free University of Berlin, Humboldt University of Berlin, University of Bonn, University of Mannheim, University of Munich.
- Massimo Bordignon & Gilberto Turati, 2003. "Bailing Out Expectations and Health Expenditure in Italy," CESifo Working Paper Series 1026, CESifo.
- Nazareth, Paula Alexandra & Porto, Luiz Fernando Lopes, 2002. "As finanças dos municípios brasileiros: o caso do Rio de Janeiro," Sede de la CEPAL en Santiago (Estudios e Investigaciones) 34882, Naciones Unidas Comisión Económica para América Latina y el Caribe (CEPAL).
- Irina Yakovenko, 2020. "Fuzzy Stochastic Automation Model for Decision Support in the Process Inter-Budgetary Regulation," Mathematics, MDPI, vol. 9(1), pages 1-17, December.
- David E. M. Sappington & Tracy R. Lewis, 2000. "Motivating Wealth-Constrained Actors," American Economic Review, American Economic Association, vol. 90(4), pages 944-960, September.
- Lucca, Carlos, 2002. "Mecanismos no tradicionales de financiamiento de obras de infraestructura y equipamiento en municipios," Sede de la CEPAL en Santiago (Estudios e Investigaciones) 34883, Naciones Unidas Comisión Económica para América Latina y el Caribe (CEPAL).
- Xu, Cheng-Gang & Maskin, Eric, 2001. "Soft Budget Constraint Theories: From Centralization to the Market," CEPR Discussion Papers 2715, C.E.P.R. Discussion Papers.
- Kenya Fujiwara, 2006. "Corporate Debt Restructuring and Public Financial Institutions in Japan -Do Government-Affiliated Financial Institutions Soften Budget Constraints?-," Public Policy Review, Policy Research Institute, Ministry of Finance Japan, vol. 2(1), pages 141-176, January.
- Bordignon, Massimo & Turati, Gilberto, 2009. "Bailing out expectations and public health expenditure," Journal of Health Economics, Elsevier, vol. 28(2), pages 305-321, March.
- El-Haddad, Amirah, 2018. "Exporting for growth: identifying leading sectors for Egypt and Tunisia using the Product Space Methodology," IDOS Discussion Papers 25/2018, German Institute of Development and Sustainability (IDOS).
- Da Teng & Jingtao Yi, 2017. "Impact of ownership types on R&D intensity and innovation performance—evidence from transitional China," Frontiers of Business Research in China, Springer, vol. 11(1), pages 1-25, December.
- Willner, Johan & Parker, David, 2002. "The Relative Performance of Public and Private Enterprise Under Conditions of Active and Passive Ownership," Centre on Regulation and Competition (CRC) Working papers 30591, University of Manchester, Institute for Development Policy and Management (IDPM).