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Internal and international migration as response of double deprivation: some evidence from India

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  • Czaika, Mathias

Abstract

This study disentangles the effects of feelings of relative deprivation and the capability of households in realizing their migration aspirations. For this purpose we decompose the concept of relative deprivation into intra-group and inter-group relative deprivation and test their relative importance together with levels of absolute deprivation in shaping migration decisions on a household level. The migration decision itself is modelled as a two stage process which allows separating the decision on whether to migrate at all, and the decision where to migrate in terms of an internal or international destination. This study concentrates on migration in contemporary India, a country with about 20 million Indians living abroad and around 180 million people enumerated as internal migrants. The empirical analysis is based on a unique dataset based on the recent 64th round of the Indian National Sample Survey (NSS). This large dataset covers around 125,000 households and about 100,000 former household members enumerated as out-migrants. We hypothesize that feelings of relative deprivation have different effects on the choice of destination when controlled for alternative reference groups and group identifications. We identify the following factors as relevant in this migration decision-making process: First, intra-group as well as inter-group relative deprivations are strong predictors only for short distance intra-state movements. On contrary, the likelihood of out-migration towards international destinations is significantly lower for households with lower levels of intra-group and inter-group relative deprivation. Second, besides the effects of relative deprivation, absolute deprivation plays an ambivalent role: while economically better endowed households have a higher migration propensity to send (primarily male) migrants to distant inter-state and international destinations, the inverse is true for moves of shorter distance that are mainly dominated by (female) migrants stemming from poorer households.

Suggested Citation

  • Czaika, Mathias, 2011. "Internal and international migration as response of double deprivation: some evidence from India," Proceedings of the German Development Economics Conference, Berlin 2011 21, Verein für Socialpolitik, Research Committee Development Economics.
    • Handle: RePEc:zbw:gdec11:21
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    References listed on IDEAS

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    1. Stark, Oded & Yitzhaki, Shlomo, 1988. "Labour Migration as a Response to Relative Deprivation," MPRA Paper 21670, University Library of Munich, Germany.
    2. Stark, Oded, 2006. "Inequality and migration: A behavioral link," Economics Letters, Elsevier, vol. 91(1), pages 146-152, April.
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    4. Yitzhaki, Shlomo, 1982. "Relative deprivation and economic welfare," European Economic Review, Elsevier, vol. 17(1), pages 99-113.
    5. Oded Stark & J. Taylor, 1989. "Relative deprivation and international migration oded stark," Demography, Springer;Population Association of America (PAA), vol. 26(1), pages 1-14, February.
    6. Stark, Oded, 1984. "Rural-to-Urban Migration in LDCs: A Relative Deprivation Approach," Economic Development and Cultural Change, University of Chicago Press, vol. 32(3), pages 475-486, April.
    7. Thomas Liebig & Alfonso Sousa‐Poza, 2004. "Migration, Self‐Selection and Income Inequality: An International Analysis," Kyklos, Wiley Blackwell, vol. 57(1), pages 125-146, February.
    8. Shlomo Yitzhaki, 1979. "Relative Deprivation and the Gini Coefficient," The Quarterly Journal of Economics, President and Fellows of Harvard College, vol. 93(2), pages 321-324.
    9. K.C. Zachariah & S. Irudaya Rajan, 2005. "Unemployment in Kerala at the turn of the century: Insights from CDS Gulf migration studies," Centre for Development Studies, Trivendrum Working Papers 374, Centre for Development Studies, Trivendrum, India.
    10. Ghatak, Subrata & Levine, Paul & Price, Stephen Wheatley, 1996. "Migration Theories and Evidence: An Assessment," Journal of Economic Surveys, Wiley Blackwell, vol. 10(2), pages 159-198, June.
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    Cited by:

    1. Herbst Mikołaj & Kaczmarczyk Paweł & Wójcik Piotr, 2017. "Migration of Graduates Within a Sequential Decision Framework: Evidence from Poland," Central European Economic Journal, Sciendo, vol. 1(48), pages 1-18, November.
    2. Metka Hercog & Mindel Laar, 2017. "Motivations and Constraints of Moving Abroad for Indian Students," Journal of International Migration and Integration, Springer, vol. 18(3), pages 749-770, August.
    3. Oded Stark, 2016. "Global Integration and World Migration," World Economics, World Economics, 1 Ivory Square, Plantation Wharf, London, United Kingdom, SW11 3UE, vol. 17(4), pages 49-65, October.
    4. Stark, Oded, 2022. "Risk-laden migration as a response to relative deprivation: A hypothesis," Discussion Papers 329580, University of Bonn, Center for Development Research (ZEF).
    5. Oded Stark, 2017. "Migration when Social Preferences are Ordinal: Steady-state Population Distribution and Social Welfare," Economica, London School of Economics and Political Science, vol. 84(336), pages 647-666, October.
    6. Kumar, Dr.B.Pradeep, 2016. "Contours of Internal Migration in India: Certain Experiences from Kerala," MPRA Paper 80586, University Library of Munich, Germany, revised 15 Jun 2016.
    7. Ingrid Dallmann & Katrin Millock, 2013. "Climate Variability and Internal Migration: A Test on Indian Inter-State Migration," Documents de travail du Centre d'Economie de la Sorbonne 13045r, Université Panthéon-Sorbonne (Paris 1), Centre d'Economie de la Sorbonne, revised Mar 2016.
    8. Ingrid Dallmann & Katrin Millock, 2016. "Climate Variability and Internal Migration: A Test on Indian Inter-State Migration," Post-Print halshs-00825807, HAL.
    9. Stark, Oded & LaFave, Daniel, 2024. "On the Role of Social Comparisons in Shaping Migrants’ Remittance Behavior: Theory, and Evidence from China," EconStor Open Access Book Chapters, in: World Scientific Handbook of Global Migration, Volume 2: Global Migration: Alternative Views and Social Comparisons, pages 53-82, ZBW - Leibniz Information Centre for Economics.
    10. Stark, Oded, 2022. "A unified model of relative deprivation and risk-laden migration," EconStor Open Access Book Chapters, in: Global Labour in Distress, Volume I, pages 67-73, ZBW - Leibniz Information Centre for Economics.
    11. Kaczmarczyk, Pawel & Tyrowicz, Joanna, 2015. "Winners and Losers among Skilled Migrants: The Case of Post-Accession Polish Migrants to the UK," IZA Discussion Papers 9057, Institute of Labor Economics (IZA).

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    Keywords

    Relative deprivation; internal and international migration; India;
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