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Managing capital flows in Estonia and Latvia

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  • Sutela, Pekka

Abstract

The three Baltic countries have been able to combine, Estonia since 1992 and Latvia and Lithuania since 1994, (1) a fixed exchange rate, (2) liberalisation of the capital account before having a well-functioning and fully supervised financial system, and (3) very large current account deficits.At the same time they have gone through deep structural and institutional change, which has been even faster than in several other transition economies.How have they been able to manage such a combination of characteristics that would usually be regarded inconsistent? The answer is not in clever management or control of financial markets combined with sound fundamentals.Rather, the Baltic countries have lacked several such markets that might be sources of instability.There are hardly any inter-bank markets.Public debt is absent or relatively very small.After the boomlet of 1997, the Baltic stock exchanges have generally hibernated.Banking crises have been recurrent.Not only are these economies extremely small, their degree of monetisation is very low.There are very few assets and markets for speculative capital flows. Partially, this reflects sound fundamentals, but mostly it is an unintended consequence of policy decisions.One cannot expect the experience to be easily repeated in other countries.

Suggested Citation

  • Sutela, Pekka, 2001. "Managing capital flows in Estonia and Latvia," BOFIT Discussion Papers 17/2001, Bank of Finland Institute for Emerging Economies (BOFIT).
    • Handle: RePEc:zbw:bofitp:bdp2001_017
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    1. Iikka Korhonen, 2000. "Currency Boards in the Baltic Countries: What Have We Learned?," Post-Communist Economies, Taylor & Francis Journals, vol. 12(1), pages 25-46.
    2. repec:zbw:bofitp:2000_003 is not listed on IDEAS
    3. Ziacik, Terri, 2000. "An assessment of the Estonian investment climate: Results of a survey of foreign investors and policy implications," BOFIT Discussion Papers 3/2000, Bank of Finland Institute for Emerging Economies (BOFIT).
    4. Stanley Fischer, 2001. "Exchange Rate Regimes: Is the Bipolar View Correct?," Journal of Economic Perspectives, American Economic Association, vol. 15(2), pages 3-24, Spring.
    5. repec:zbw:bofitp:2001_003 is not listed on IDEAS
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