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The empty opportunity : local control of secondary schools and student achievement in the Philippines

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  • Lockheed, Marlaine E.
  • Qinghua Zhao

Abstract

Decentralization policies are at the heart of education reform efforts in many countries internationally. Two important types of policies are those that: (a) remove barriers to private education; and (b) devolve authority and responsibility for schools from central level administrations to intermediate level organizations and ultimately to schools, relying more on local communities for financing, with an overall goal of improving effectiveness. While both types of policies are largely uninformed by empirical evidence regarding their impact on such education outcomes as student learning, in developing countries the evidence regarding the effects of local control is much weaker than that regarding private schools. This paper extends the literature on the impact of private education on achievement, while providing the first evidence on the impact of local control on achievement in a developing county. It analyzes data from 214 secondary schools in the Philippines to answer questions regarding: (a) the relative effectiveness of local, government and private secondary schools; and (b) the factors that account for observed differences.

Suggested Citation

  • Lockheed, Marlaine E. & Qinghua Zhao, 1992. "The empty opportunity : local control of secondary schools and student achievement in the Philippines," Policy Research Working Paper Series 825, The World Bank.
    • Handle: RePEc:wbk:wbrwps:825
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    References listed on IDEAS

    as
    1. Lockheed, Marlaine E. & Burns, Barbara, 1990. "School effects on achievement in secondary mathematics and Portuguese in Brazil," Policy Research Working Paper Series 525, The World Bank.
    2. Jimenez, Emmanuel & Lockheed, Marlaine E. & Luna, Ed, 1989. "School effects and costs for private and public schools in the Dominican Republic," Policy Research Working Paper Series 288, The World Bank.
    3. Jimenez, Emmanuel & Lockheed, Marlaine & Wattanawaha, Nongnuch, 1988. "The Relative Efficiency of Private and Public Schools: The Case of Thailand," The World Bank Economic Review, World Bank, vol. 2(2), pages 139-164, May.
    4. Lockheed, M.E. & Longford, N.T., 1989. "A Multilevel Model Of School Effectiveness In A Developing Country," World Bank - Discussion Papers 69, World Bank.
    5. Nyagura, Levi Martin & Riddell, Abby Rubin, 1991. "What causes differences in achievement in Zimbabwe's secondary schools?," Policy Research Working Paper Series 705, The World Bank.
    6. Jimenez, Emmanuel & Lockheed, Marlaine E & Paqueo, Vicente, 1991. "The Relative Efficiency of Private and Public Schools in Developing Countries," The World Bank Research Observer, World Bank, vol. 6(2), pages 205-218, July.
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    Cited by:

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    2. Anila Channa & Jean-Paul Faguet, 2016. "Decentralization of Health and Education in Developing Countries: A Quality-Adjusted Review of the Empirical Literature," The World Bank Research Observer, World Bank, vol. 31(2), pages 199-241.
    3. Naseer, Muhammad Farooq & Patnam, Manasa & Raza, Reehana R., 2010. "Transforming public schools: Impact of the CRI program on child learning in Pakistan," Economics of Education Review, Elsevier, vol. 29(4), pages 669-683, August.
    4. Perrier Carmelle Fouelefack & Luc Nembot Ndeffo & Windkouni Haoua Eugenie Maiga, 2020. "Infrastructures éducatives et achèvement des études en contexte camerounais de décentralisation," African Development Review, African Development Bank, vol. 32(3), pages 327-337, September.

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