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How to interpret the growing phenomenon of private tutoring : human capital deepening, inequality increasing, or waste of resources ?

Author

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  • Dang, Hai-Anh
  • Rogers, F. Halsey

Abstract

Private tutoring is now a major component of the education sector in many developing countries, yet education policy too seldom acknowledges and makes use of it. Various criticisms have been raised against private tutoring, most notably that it exacerbates social inequalities and may even fail to improve student outcomes. This paper surveys the literature for evidence on private tutoring-the extent of the tutoring phenomenon, the factors that explain its growth, and its cost-effectiveness in improving student academic performance. It also presents a framework for assessing the efficiency and equity effects of tutoring. It concludes that tutoring can raise the effectiveness of the education system under certain reasonable assumptions, even taking into account equity concerns, and it offers guidance for attacking corruption and other problems that diminish the contributions of the tutoring sector.

Suggested Citation

  • Dang, Hai-Anh & Rogers, F. Halsey, 2008. "How to interpret the growing phenomenon of private tutoring : human capital deepening, inequality increasing, or waste of resources ?," Policy Research Working Paper Series 4530, The World Bank.
    • Handle: RePEc:wbk:wbrwps:4530
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    Citations

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    Cited by:

    1. Hoon Choi & Alvaro Choi, 2015. "When one door closes: the impact of the hagwon curfew on the consumption of private tutoring in the Republic of Korea," Working Papers XREAP2015-06, Xarxa de Referència en Economia Aplicada (XREAP), revised Nov 2015.
    2. Entrich Steve R., 2014. "Effects of investments in out-of-school education in Germany and Japan," Contemporary Japan, De Gruyter, vol. 26(1), pages 71-102, March.
    3. Upasak Das, 2021. "Rural employment guarantee programme in India and its impact on household educational decisions: A focus on private coaching," Journal of International Development, John Wiley & Sons, Ltd., vol. 33(6), pages 1005-1025, August.
    4. Farchaini Budi Astuti & Ujang Sumarwan & Ibnul Qayim, 2016. "Prevalence for Private Tuition among Parents, Teachers and Pupils in Public Primary Schools in Machakos County," Journal of Education and e-Learning Research, Asian Online Journal Publishing Group, vol. 3(3), pages 115-123.
    5. Choi, Hoon & Choi, Álvaro, 2016. "Regulating private tutoring consumption in Korea: Lessons from another failure," International Journal of Educational Development, Elsevier, vol. 49(C), pages 144-156.
    6. Gurun, Ayfer & Millimet, Daniel L., 2008. "Does Private Tutoring Payoff?," IZA Discussion Papers 3637, Institute of Labor Economics (IZA).
    7. Tomba Chingthem & Laimayum David Sharma, 2015. "Attitude Of Parents Towards Private Tuition: A Case Study," Working papers 2015-06-07, Voice of Research.
    8. Muinah Fadhilah & Andriyansah, 2017. "Strategic Implementation of Environmentally Friendly Innovation of Small and Medium-Sized Enterprises in Indonesia," European Research Studies Journal, European Research Studies Journal, vol. 0(4B), pages 134-148.
    9. Hyun H. Son, 2013. "Inequality of Human Opportunities in Developing Asia," Asian Development Review, MIT Press, vol. 30(2), pages 110-130, September.
    10. Yuliya Makhdievna Makhdieva, 2017. "Social/Economic Preconditions and Prospects for the Development of Education Insurance in Russia," European Research Studies Journal, European Research Studies Journal, vol. 0(4A), pages 160-174.
    11. Sun, Lunxuan & Shafiq, M. Najeeb & McClure, Maureen & Guo, Sisi, 2020. "Are there educational and psychological benefits from private supplementary tutoring in Mainland China? Evidence from the China Education Panel Survey, 2013–15," International Journal of Educational Development, Elsevier, vol. 72(C).
    12. Zhang, Yu, 2013. "Does private tutoring improve students’ National College Entrance Exam performance?—A case study from Jinan, China," Economics of Education Review, Elsevier, vol. 32(C), pages 1-28.

    More about this item

    Keywords

    Teaching and Learning; Tertiary Education; Education For All; Primary Education;
    All these keywords.

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