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Trends in the education sector from 1993 - 98

Author

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  • Nga Nguyet Nguyen

Abstract

Vietnam has achieved remarkably high rates of school enrollment and has maintained good social indicators (infant and under-five mortality rates, life expectancy, fertility rate, child nutrition, and access to basic services) compared to other countries with similar low income per capita. The author documents and analyzes changes in enrollment and education finance in Vietnam from 1993-98. Enrollment rates increased substantially, but the increases were not equally spread across different income groups, regions, gender, and ethnic groups. The higher the level of education, the larger the gap in school enrollment among different socioeconomic groups. Although school fees were no longer compulsory at the primary level, households paid for many other school-related items, such as books, uniforms, private tutors, lunch, and transportation. These costs are a significant financial burden on the poor. On the other hand, there is considerable variation in public spending per student across regions that, when coupled with variation in enrollment rates across regions, resulted in a not pro-poor public spending pattern, although public spending on primary education was neutral in 1998. Finally, the author investigates whether rates of return to education in the private wage sector changed in the 1990s. She concludes that returns to schooling increased substantially between 1992-93 and 1997-98, especially at the upper secondary education and university levels.

Suggested Citation

  • Nga Nguyet Nguyen, 2002. "Trends in the education sector from 1993 - 98," Policy Research Working Paper Series 2891, The World Bank.
  • Handle: RePEc:wbk:wbrwps:2891
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    References listed on IDEAS

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    Cited by:

    1. Ms. Anja Baum, 2020. "Vietnam's Development Success Story and the Unfinished SDG Agenda," IMF Working Papers 2020/031, International Monetary Fund.
    2. Geoffrey McNicoll, 2006. "Policy Lessons of the East Asian Demographic Transition," Population and Development Review, The Population Council, Inc., vol. 32(1), pages 1-25, March.
    3. Shirantha Heenkenda & D.P.S Chandrakumara, 2015. "A Canonical Analysis on the Relationship between Financial Risk Tolerance and Household Education Investment in Sri Lanka," International Journal of Innovation and Economic Development, Inovatus Services Ltd., vol. 1(4), pages 7-23, October.
    4. Jean-Louis ARCAND & Béatrice D'HOMBRES & Paul GYSELINCK, 2004. "Instrument Choice and the Returns to Education: New Evidence from Vietnam," Working Papers 200422, CERDI.
    5. Nanak Kakwani & Hyun H. Son, 2006. "Evaluating Targeting Efficiency of Government Programmes: International Comparisons," Working Papers 13, United Nations, Department of Economics and Social Affairs.
    6. Friedrichsen, Rupert, 2006. "Agricultural Sciences in Upland Northern Vietnam: Situating Research in a Dynamic Environment," Research in Development Economics and Policy (Discussion Paper Series) 8532, Universitaet Hohenheim, Department of Agricultural Economics and Social Sciences in the Tropics and Subtropics.
    7. Nanak Kakwani & Hyun H. Son, 2006. "Evaluating Targeting Efficiency of Government Programmes: International Comparisons," WIDER Working Paper Series RP2006-55, World Institute for Development Economic Research (UNU-WIDER).

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