IDEAS home Printed from https://ideas.repec.org/p/ulp/sbbeta/2024-31.html
   My bibliography  Save this paper

An inquiry of Bitcoin price formation: Evidence from Linear and Nonlinear ARDL Frameworks, 2017-2018

Author

Listed:
  • Clément Landormy

Abstract

This study comprehensively analyses Bitcoin’s price dynamics amidst the volatility of 2017-2018, considering various influencing factors. Drawing from Fisher’s Equation of Exchange (1911), Keynes’ liquidity preference theory (1936), and prior research insights, we formulate an Equation of Bitcoin Exchange, setting the stage for empirical testing. Employing autoregressive distributed lag models in both linear (ARDL) and nonlinear (NARDL) frameworks, we scrutinise daily data from 2017 to 2018. Our findings underscore the predominant impact of internal factors, driven by market dynamics and technological advancements, on Bitcoin prices, with investment attractiveness following closely behind. Surprisingly, macroeconomic and financial variables demonstrate relatively less influence. While Bitcoin may not serve as a direct store of value like gold or offer complete hedging against US dollar fluctuations, its potential as a diversification tool in stock markets becomes apparent, barring short-term disruptions associated with Bitcoin price crashes. Moreover, factors related to investment attractiveness frequently exert downward pressure on Bitcoin prices, emphasising the speculative nature inherent in cryptocurrencies. Noteworthy is the positive short-term connection between Bitcoin prices and tether transactions, coupled with the positive long-term interaction between Bitcoin prices and crypto fundraising efforts at the peak of the ICO boom, signalling a pre-crash surge in 2017. Conversely, the long-term negative relationship between Bitcoin prices and Tether transactions suggests that Tether acts as a hedge against Bitcoin price crashes.

Suggested Citation

  • Clément Landormy, 2024. "An inquiry of Bitcoin price formation: Evidence from Linear and Nonlinear ARDL Frameworks, 2017-2018," Working Papers of BETA 2024-31, Bureau d'Economie Théorique et Appliquée, UDS, Strasbourg.
  • Handle: RePEc:ulp:sbbeta:2024-31
    as

    Download full text from publisher

    File URL: http://beta.u-strasbg.fr/WP/2024/2024-31.pdf
    Download Restriction: no
    ---><---

    References listed on IDEAS

    as
    1. David Garcia & Claudio Juan Tessone & Pavlin Mavrodiev & Nicolas Perony, 2014. "The digital traces of bubbles: feedback cycles between socio-economic signals in the Bitcoin economy," Papers 1408.1494, arXiv.org.
    2. M. Hashem Pesaran & Ron P. Smith, 1998. "Structural Analysis of Cointegrating VARs," Journal of Economic Surveys, Wiley Blackwell, vol. 12(5), pages 471-505, December.
    3. Zivot, Eric & Andrews, Donald W K, 2002. "Further Evidence on the Great Crash, the Oil-Price Shock, and the Unit-Root Hypothesis," Journal of Business & Economic Statistics, American Statistical Association, vol. 20(1), pages 25-44, January.
    4. John M. Griffin & Amin Shams, 2020. "Is Bitcoin Really Untethered?," Journal of Finance, American Finance Association, vol. 75(4), pages 1913-1964, August.
    5. M. Hashem Pesaran & Yongcheol Shin & Richard J. Smith, 2001. "Bounds testing approaches to the analysis of level relationships," Journal of Applied Econometrics, John Wiley & Sons, Ltd., vol. 16(3), pages 289-326.
    6. Jareño, Francisco & González, María de la O & Tolentino, Marta & Sierra, Karen, 2020. "Bitcoin and gold price returns: A quantile regression and NARDL analysis," Resources Policy, Elsevier, vol. 67(C).
    7. Inder, Brett, 1993. "Estimating long-run relationships in economics : A comparison of different approaches," Journal of Econometrics, Elsevier, vol. 57(1-3), pages 53-68.
    8. Dean Fantazzini & Nikita Kolodin, 2020. "Does the Hashrate Affect the Bitcoin Price?," JRFM, MDPI, vol. 13(11), pages 1-29, October.
    9. Milton Friedman, 1959. "The Demand for Money: Some Theoretical and Empirical Results," NBER Chapters, in: The Demand for Money: Some Theoretical and Empirical Results, pages 1-29, National Bureau of Economic Research, Inc.
    10. Shen, Dehua & Urquhart, Andrew & Wang, Pengfei, 2019. "Does twitter predict Bitcoin?," Economics Letters, Elsevier, vol. 174(C), pages 118-122.
    11. Bouri, Elie & Gupta, Rangan & Lahiani, Amine & Shahbaz, Muhammad, 2018. "Testing for asymmetric nonlinear short- and long-run relationships between bitcoin, aggregate commodity and gold prices," Resources Policy, Elsevier, vol. 57(C), pages 224-235.
    12. repec:pra:mprapa:58133 is not listed on IDEAS
    13. Ang, James B., 2008. "What are the mechanisms linking financial development and economic growth in Malaysia," Economic Modelling, Elsevier, vol. 25(1), pages 38-53, January.
    14. Yao, Yi-Ching, 1988. "Estimating the number of change-points via Schwarz' criterion," Statistics & Probability Letters, Elsevier, vol. 6(3), pages 181-189, February.
    15. Jushan Bai & Pierre Perron, 2003. "Computation and analysis of multiple structural change models," Journal of Applied Econometrics, John Wiley & Sons, Ltd., vol. 18(1), pages 1-22.
    16. Wei, Wang Chun, 2018. "The impact of Tether grants on Bitcoin," Economics Letters, Elsevier, vol. 171(C), pages 19-22.
    17. Baur, Dirk G. & Hoang, Lai T., 2021. "A crypto safe haven against Bitcoin," Finance Research Letters, Elsevier, vol. 38(C).
    18. Long, Shaobo & Pei, Hongxia & Tian, Hao & Lang, Kun, 2021. "Can both Bitcoin and gold serve as safe-haven assets? — A comparative analysis based on the NARDL model," International Review of Financial Analysis, Elsevier, vol. 78(C).
    19. Easley, David & O'Hara, Maureen & Basu, Soumya, 2019. "From mining to markets: The evolution of bitcoin transaction fees," Journal of Financial Economics, Elsevier, vol. 134(1), pages 91-109.
    20. Bouoiyour, Jamal & Selmi, Refk, 2014. "What Does Crypto-currency Look Like? Gaining Insight into Bitcoin Phenomenon," MPRA Paper 57907, University Library of Munich, Germany.
    21. Jakub Bartos, 2015. "Does Bitcoin follow the hypothesis of efficient market?," International Journal of Economic Sciences, International Institute of Social and Economic Sciences, vol. 4(2), pages 10-23, June.
    Full references (including those not matched with items on IDEAS)

    Most related items

    These are the items that most often cite the same works as this one and are cited by the same works as this one.
    1. Brittle, Shane, 2009. "Ricardian Equivalence and the Efficacy of Fiscal Policy in Australia," Economics Working Papers wp09-10, School of Economics, University of Wollongong, NSW, Australia.
    2. Bai, Shuming & Mollick, Andre Varella, 2010. "Currency crisis and the forward discount bias: Evidence from emerging economies under breaks," Journal of International Financial Markets, Institutions and Money, Elsevier, vol. 20(5), pages 556-574, December.
    3. John E. Marthinsen & Steven R. Gordon, 2022. "The Price and Cost of Bitcoin," Papers 2204.13102, arXiv.org.
    4. Syuhada, Khreshna & Hakim, Arief & Suprijanto, Djoko & Muchtadi-Alamsyah, Intan & Arbi, Lukman, 2022. "Is Tether a safe haven of safe haven amid COVID-19? An assessment against Bitcoin and oil using improved measures of risk," Resources Policy, Elsevier, vol. 79(C).
    5. Jena, Sangram Keshari & Lahiani, Amine & Tiwari, Aviral Kumar & Roubaud, David, 2021. "Uncovering the complex asymmetric relationship between trading activity and commodity futures price: Evidenced from QNARDL study," Resources Policy, Elsevier, vol. 74(C).
    6. Ştefan Cristian Gherghina & Liliana Nicoleta Simionescu, 2023. "Exploring the asymmetric effect of COVID-19 pandemic news on the cryptocurrency market: evidence from nonlinear autoregressive distributed lag approach and frequency domain causality," Financial Innovation, Springer;Southwestern University of Finance and Economics, vol. 9(1), pages 1-58, December.
    7. Min Shrestha & Khorshed Chowdhury, 2007. "Testing financial liberalization hypothesis with ARDL modelling approach," Applied Financial Economics, Taylor & Francis Journals, vol. 17(18), pages 1529-1540.
    8. Eléazar Zerbo, 2015. "What determines the long-run growth in Sub-Saharan Africa? Exploring the role of energy, trade openness and financial development in six countries," Working Papers hal-01238524, HAL.
    9. Yosuke Kakinuma, 2023. "Hedging role of stablecoins," Intelligent Systems in Accounting, Finance and Management, John Wiley & Sons, Ltd., vol. 30(1), pages 19-28, January.
    10. Marthinsen, John E. & Gordon, Steven R., 2022. "The price and cost of bitcoin," The Quarterly Review of Economics and Finance, Elsevier, vol. 85(C), pages 280-288.
    11. Jeng-Bau Lin & Wei Tsai, 2019. "The Relations of Oil Price Change with Fear Gauges in Global Political and Economic Environment," Energies, MDPI, vol. 12(15), pages 1-17, August.
    12. Nikeel Kumar & Ronald Ravinesh Kumar & Radika Kumar & Peter Josef Stauvermann, 2020. "Is the tourism–growth relationship asymmetric in the Cook Islands? Evidence from NARDL cointegration and causality tests," Tourism Economics, , vol. 26(4), pages 658-681, June.
    13. Hanna Halaburda & Guillaume Haeringer & Joshua Gans & Neil Gandal, 2022. "The Microeconomics of Cryptocurrencies," Journal of Economic Literature, American Economic Association, vol. 60(3), pages 971-1013, September.
    14. Kanjilal, Kakali & Ghosh, Sajal, 2013. "Environmental Kuznet’s curve for India: Evidence from tests for cointegration with unknown structuralbreaks," Energy Policy, Elsevier, vol. 56(C), pages 509-515.
    15. Saggese, Pietro & Belmonte, Alessandro & Dimitri, Nicola & Facchini, Angelo & Böhme, Rainer, 2023. "Arbitrageurs in the Bitcoin ecosystem: Evidence from user-level trading patterns in the Mt. Gox exchange platform," Journal of Economic Behavior & Organization, Elsevier, vol. 213(C), pages 251-270.
    16. Łęt, Blanka & Sobański, Konrad & Świder, Wojciech & Włosik, Katarzyna, 2023. "What drives the popularity of stablecoins? Measuring the frequency dynamics of connectedness between volatile and stable cryptocurrencies," Technological Forecasting and Social Change, Elsevier, vol. 189(C).
    17. Muhammad Shahbaz & Hrushikesh Mallick & Mantu Kumar Mahalik & Shawkat Hammoudeh, 2018. "Is globalization detrimental to financial development? Further evidence from a very large emerging economy with significant orientation towards policies," Applied Economics, Taylor & Francis Journals, vol. 50(6), pages 574-595, February.
    18. Bhuiyan, Rubaiyat Ahsan & Husain, Afzol & Zhang, Changyong, 2021. "A wavelet approach for causal relationship between bitcoin and conventional asset classes," Resources Policy, Elsevier, vol. 71(C).
    19. Jeng-Bau Lin & Chin-Chia Liang & Wei Tsai, 2019. "Nonlinear Relationships between Oil Prices and Implied Volatilities: Providing More Valuable Information," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 11(14), pages 1-15, July.
    20. Khan, Zeeshan & Hussain, Muzzammil & Shahbaz, Muhammad & Yang, Siqun & Jiao, Zhilun, 2020. "Natural resource abundance, technological innovation, and human capital nexus with financial development: A case study of China," Resources Policy, Elsevier, vol. 65(C).

    More about this item

    Keywords

    MBitcoin; NARDL; Market forces; Safe haven; Tether.;
    All these keywords.

    JEL classification:

    • E42 - Macroeconomics and Monetary Economics - - Money and Interest Rates - - - Monetary Sytsems; Standards; Regimes; Government and the Monetary System
    • E44 - Macroeconomics and Monetary Economics - - Money and Interest Rates - - - Financial Markets and the Macroeconomy
    • G11 - Financial Economics - - General Financial Markets - - - Portfolio Choice; Investment Decisions
    • G12 - Financial Economics - - General Financial Markets - - - Asset Pricing; Trading Volume; Bond Interest Rates
    • G15 - Financial Economics - - General Financial Markets - - - International Financial Markets

    NEP fields

    This paper has been announced in the following NEP Reports:

    Statistics

    Access and download statistics

    Corrections

    All material on this site has been provided by the respective publishers and authors. You can help correct errors and omissions. When requesting a correction, please mention this item's handle: RePEc:ulp:sbbeta:2024-31. See general information about how to correct material in RePEc.

    If you have authored this item and are not yet registered with RePEc, we encourage you to do it here. This allows to link your profile to this item. It also allows you to accept potential citations to this item that we are uncertain about.

    If CitEc recognized a bibliographic reference but did not link an item in RePEc to it, you can help with this form .

    If you know of missing items citing this one, you can help us creating those links by adding the relevant references in the same way as above, for each refering item. If you are a registered author of this item, you may also want to check the "citations" tab in your RePEc Author Service profile, as there may be some citations waiting for confirmation.

    For technical questions regarding this item, or to correct its authors, title, abstract, bibliographic or download information, contact: the person in charge (email available below). General contact details of provider: https://edirc.repec.org/data/bestrfr.html .

    Please note that corrections may take a couple of weeks to filter through the various RePEc services.

    IDEAS is a RePEc service. RePEc uses bibliographic data supplied by the respective publishers.