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An Analysis of Urban Environmental Kuznets Curve of CO2 Emissions: Empirical Analysis of 276 Global Metropolitan Areas

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  • Fujii, Hidemichi
  • Iwata, Kazuyuki
  • Chapman, Andrew
  • Kagawa, Shigemi
  • Managi, Shunsuke

Abstract

This study analyzed the relationship between urban CO2 emissions and economic growth applying the environmental Kuznets curve hypothesis. The objective of this study is to investigate how urban CO2 emissions and their composition have changed with urban economic growth, depending on city characteristics, using a dataset of metropolitan areas. We obtained data for 276 cities in 26 countries for the years 2000, 2005, and 2008. The dataset includes urban CO2 emissions, GDP, and population. Additionally, data regarding compact city variables are applied to determinants analysis using an econometric approach. The results demonstrate an inverted U-shape relationship between urban CO2 emissions and urban economic growth. Additionally, an inverted U-shape relationship is observed for the transport and residential & industry sectors. However, the turning points of each inverted U-shape curve varies. This result implies that we can better understand urban policies for reducing urban CO2 emissions by considering the characteristics of each sector.

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  • Fujii, Hidemichi & Iwata, Kazuyuki & Chapman, Andrew & Kagawa, Shigemi & Managi, Shunsuke, 2018. "An Analysis of Urban Environmental Kuznets Curve of CO2 Emissions: Empirical Analysis of 276 Global Metropolitan Areas," MPRA Paper 87859, University Library of Munich, Germany.
    • Handle: RePEc:pra:mprapa:87859
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    7. Chen, Jianbao & Weng, Shimei & Tao, Weiliang & Song, Malin & Zhang, Linling, 2024. "Measuring carbon neutrality and exploring the threshold effects of its driving factors: Evidence from China," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 373(C).
    8. Xinhua Tong & Shurui Guo & Haiyan Duan & Zhiyuan Duan & Chang Gao & Wu Chen, 2022. "Carbon-Emission Characteristics and Influencing Factors in Growing and Shrinking Cities: Evidence from 280 Chinese Cities," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 19(4), pages 1-17, February.
    9. Yanelli Nunez & Jaime Benavides & Jenni A. Shearston & Elena M. Krieger & Misbath Daouda & Lucas R. F. Henneman & Erin E. McDuffie & Jeff Goldsmith & Joan A. Casey & Marianthi-Anna Kioumourtzoglou, 2024. "An environmental justice analysis of air pollution emissions in the United States from 1970 to 2010," Nature Communications, Nature, vol. 15(1), pages 1-13, December.
    10. Thomas Wiedmann & Guangwu Chen & Anne Owen & Manfred Lenzen & Michael Doust & John Barrett & Kristian Steele, 2021. "Three‐scope carbon emission inventories of global cities," Journal of Industrial Ecology, Yale University, vol. 25(3), pages 735-750, June.
    11. Yi-Bin Chiu & Wenwen Zhang, 2023. "Moderating Effect of Financial Development on the Relationship between Renewable Energy and Carbon Emissions," Energies, MDPI, vol. 16(3), pages 1-18, February.
    12. Ansari, Mohd Arshad, 2022. "Re-visiting the Environmental Kuznets curve for ASEAN: A comparison between ecological footprint and carbon dioxide emissions," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 168(C).
    13. Lin Cui & Alistair Hunt & Bruce Morley, 2021. "The Effectiveness of Environmental Spending in China and the Environmental Kuznets Curve," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 13(21), pages 1-17, November.
    14. Binbin Chang & Lei Chen, 2021. "Land Economic Efficiency and Improvement of Environmental Pollution in the Process of Sustainable Urbanization: Case of Eastern China," Land, MDPI, vol. 10(8), pages 1-23, August.
    15. Peiqi Hu & Kai Zhou & Haoxi Zhang & Zhong Ma & Jingyuan Li, 2023. "The Cause and Correlation Network of Air Pollution from a Spatial Perspective: Evidence from the Beijing–Tianjin–Hebei Region," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 15(4), pages 1-21, February.
    16. Wang, Shaojian & Shi, Chenyi & Fang, Chuanglin & Feng, Kuishuang, 2019. "Examining the spatial variations of determinants of energy-related CO2 emissions in China at the city level using Geographically Weighted Regression Model," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 235(C), pages 95-105.
    17. Gruszecki Lech & Jozwik Bartosz & Kyophilavong Phouphet, 2020. "International Relations in the Environmental Kuznets Curve - Theoretical Considerations," European Research Studies Journal, European Research Studies Journal, vol. 0(4), pages 964-982.
    18. Charifa Haouraji & Badia Mounir & Ilham Mounir & Abdelmajid Farchi, 2021. "Exploring the Relationship between Residential CO 2 Emissions, Urbanization, Economic Growth, and Residential Energy Consumption: Evidence from the North Africa Region," Energies, MDPI, vol. 14(18), pages 1-19, September.
    19. Tianhui Fan & Andrew Chapman, 2022. "Policy Driven Compact Cities: Toward Clarifying the Effect of Compact Cities on Carbon Emissions," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 14(19), pages 1-19, October.
    20. Ming Meng & Wei Shang & Xinfang Wang & Tingting Pang, 2020. "When will China fulfill its carbon‐related intended nationally determined contributions? An in‐depth environmental Kuznets curve analysis," Greenhouse Gases: Science and Technology, Blackwell Publishing, vol. 10(5), pages 1039-1049, October.

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    More about this item

    Keywords

    urban CO2 emissions; environmental Kuznets curve; compact city; metropolitan area;
    All these keywords.

    JEL classification:

    • O18 - Economic Development, Innovation, Technological Change, and Growth - - Economic Development - - - Urban, Rural, Regional, and Transportation Analysis; Housing; Infrastructure
    • Q54 - Agricultural and Natural Resource Economics; Environmental and Ecological Economics - - Environmental Economics - - - Climate; Natural Disasters and their Management; Global Warming
    • Q56 - Agricultural and Natural Resource Economics; Environmental and Ecological Economics - - Environmental Economics - - - Environment and Development; Environment and Trade; Sustainability; Environmental Accounts and Accounting; Environmental Equity; Population Growth
    • R00 - Urban, Rural, Regional, Real Estate, and Transportation Economics - - General - - - General

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