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To Battle Income Inequality, Focus on Military Expenditures: Lesson from Pakistan

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  • Raza, Syed Ali
  • Shahbaz, Muhammad

Abstract

This study investigates the impact of military expenditures on income inequality in Pakistan using data over the period of 1972-2012. In doing so, we have applied the ARDL bounds testing cointegration approach which confirmed the presence of long run relationship between military expenditures and income inequality. Furthermore, empirical analysis indicates that military expenditures have positive impact on income inequality. The analysis of Granger causality, Toda and Yamamoto Modified Wald causality and variance decomposition approaches confirm the unidirectional causal relationship running from military expenditures to income inequality. The findings suggest that military expenditures would be a significant policy option to control income inequality and should be considered as a mean to improve income distribution in Pakistan.

Suggested Citation

  • Raza, Syed Ali & Shahbaz, Muhammad, 2014. "To Battle Income Inequality, Focus on Military Expenditures: Lesson from Pakistan," MPRA Paper 57773, University Library of Munich, Germany.
    • Handle: RePEc:pra:mprapa:57773
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    References listed on IDEAS

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    Cited by:

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    4. çenberci, engin, 2018. "Defense Expenditures and Income Inequality: Evidence from Chosen Euro Using Countries," MPRA Paper 97946, University Library of Munich, Germany.

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    More about this item

    Keywords

    Military Expenditures; Income Inequality; Economic Growth;
    All these keywords.

    JEL classification:

    • D31 - Microeconomics - - Distribution - - - Personal Income and Wealth Distribution
    • F43 - International Economics - - Macroeconomic Aspects of International Trade and Finance - - - Economic Growth of Open Economies
    • H55 - Public Economics - - National Government Expenditures and Related Policies - - - Social Security and Public Pensions
    • H56 - Public Economics - - National Government Expenditures and Related Policies - - - National Security and War

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