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Impact of monetary policy on financial inclusion in emerging markets

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  • Ozili, Peterson K

Abstract

The study investigates the impact of monetary policy on the level of financial inclusion in the big-five emerging market countries from 2004 to 2020. Several indicators of financial inclusion and the central bank interest rate were used in the analysis. It was found that the monetary pol-icy rate has a mixed effect on financial inclusion, and the effect depends on the dimension of fi-nancial inclusion examined. Specifically, a high monetary policy rate has a significant negative impact on financial inclusion through a reduction in the number of depositors in commercial banks. A high monetary policy rate also has a significant positive impact on financial inclusion through greater bank branch expansion. The policy implication is that both contractionary and expansionary monetary policies lead to positive improvements in specific indicators of financial inclusion, because increase in interest rate leads to bank branch expansion which is beneficial for financial inclusion and decrease in interest rate leads to increase in the number of depositors in commercial banks which is also beneficial for financial inclusion. It was also found that the rising monetary policy rate has a negative effect on all indicators of financial inclusion in the post-financial crisis period. Overall, the effect of monetary policy on financial inclusion seem to depend on the monetary policy tool used by the monetary authority and the dimension of financial inclusion examined. The monetary authorities should pay attention to how their monetary policy choices might affect the level of financial inclusion and reduce the benefits that society gains from financial inclusion.

Suggested Citation

  • Ozili, Peterson K, 2023. "Impact of monetary policy on financial inclusion in emerging markets," MPRA Paper 117804, University Library of Munich, Germany.
    • Handle: RePEc:pra:mprapa:117804
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    References listed on IDEAS

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    1. Peterson K. Ozili, 2023. "Determinants of FinTech and BigTech lending: the role of financial inclusion and financial development," Journal of Economic Analysis, Anser Press, vol. 2(3), pages 66-79, May.
    2. Adrien Auclert, 2019. "Monetary Policy and the Redistribution Channel," American Economic Review, American Economic Association, vol. 109(6), pages 2333-2367, June.
    3. Ozili, Peterson K, 2023. "Can social inclusion policies promote financial inclusion?," MPRA Paper 116971, University Library of Munich, Germany.
    4. Frederic S. Mishkin, 2009. "Monetary Policy Strategy," MIT Press Books, The MIT Press, edition 1, volume 1, number 0262513374, December.
    5. Jann Goedecke & Isabelle Guérin & Bert D'Espallier & Govindan Venkatasubramanian, 2018. "Why do financial inclusion policies fail in mobilizing savings from the poor? Lessons from rural south India," Development Policy Review, Overseas Development Institute, vol. 36(S1), pages 201-219, March.
    6. Lee, Chien-Chiang & Wang, Chih-Wei & Ho, Shan-Ju, 2022. "Financial aid and financial inclusion: Does risk uncertainty matter?," Pacific-Basin Finance Journal, Elsevier, vol. 71(C).
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    14. Shaikh, Aijaz A. & Glavee-Geo, Richard & Karjaluoto, Heikki & Hinson, Robert Ebo, 2023. "Mobile money as a driver of digital financial inclusion," Technological Forecasting and Social Change, Elsevier, vol. 186(PB).
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    Cited by:

    1. Jeleta Kebede & Saroja Selvanathan & Athula Naranpanawa, 2024. "Financial inclusion and monetary policy effectiveness in a monetary union: Heterogenous panel approach," Economics of Transition and Institutional Change, John Wiley & Sons, vol. 32(3), pages 779-805, July.
    2. Simona Elena Ciobanu, 2024. "Financial Inclusion and Monetary Policy: A Review of Literature," Economics and Applied Informatics, "Dunarea de Jos" University of Galati, Faculty of Economics and Business Administration, issue 3, pages 314-324.
    3. Ozili, Peterson K, 2025. "Exchange rate and financial inclusion," MPRA Paper 123292, University Library of Munich, Germany.

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    More about this item

    Keywords

    monetary policy; interest rate; financial inclusion; access to finance; emerging markets;
    All these keywords.

    JEL classification:

    • E51 - Macroeconomics and Monetary Economics - - Monetary Policy, Central Banking, and the Supply of Money and Credit - - - Money Supply; Credit; Money Multipliers
    • E52 - Macroeconomics and Monetary Economics - - Monetary Policy, Central Banking, and the Supply of Money and Credit - - - Monetary Policy
    • E58 - Macroeconomics and Monetary Economics - - Monetary Policy, Central Banking, and the Supply of Money and Credit - - - Central Banks and Their Policies
    • G21 - Financial Economics - - Financial Institutions and Services - - - Banks; Other Depository Institutions; Micro Finance Institutions; Mortgages

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