A home for all within planetary boundaries: pathways for meeting England’s housing needs without transgressing national climate and biodiversity goals

Secure housing is a fundamental human right. However, potential conflicts between housing and sustainability objectives remain under-researched. We explore the impact of current English government housing policy, and alternative housing strategies, on national carbon and biodiversity goals. Using material flow and land use change/biodiversity models, we estimate under current policy housing alone would consume 104% of England’s cumulative carbon budget for 2050 (2.6/2.5Gt [50% chance of <1.5°C]); 12% from the construction and operation of newbuilds and 101% from the existing stock. Housing expansion also potentially conflicts with England’s biodiversity targets. However, meeting greater housing need without rapid housing expansion is theoretically possible. We review solutions including improving affordability by reducing demand for homes as financial assets, expanding social housing, and reducing underutilisation of floor-space. Transitioning to housing strategies which slow housing expansion and accelerate low-carbon retrofits would achieve lower emissions, but face an unfavourable political economy and structural economic barriers.