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Teacher Demand and Supply: Improving Teaching Quality and Addressing Teacher Shortages

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  • Paulo Santiago

Abstract

This paper provides an extensive review of the most relevant issues involved in the management of teacher demand and supply at the pre-tertiary level. First, it proposes a conceptual framework for distinguishing among, defining and relating the different relevant factors. Second, it identifies trends and policy concerns regarding the quality of the teaching workforce across the OECD area. Third, it provides an account of current empirical evidence on numerous aspects (e.g. class size, reward structure, working conditions, teacher education, certification procedures, organisation of schools, evaluation systems, structure of labour market, teaching and learning practices) impacting on the teaching profession. Some concerns about maintaining an adequate supply of good quality teachers emerge. It is the case that in a great number of countries the age profile of teachers is skewed towards the older end of the age-range and signs point to a recent worsening of the situation. In addition, the relative attractiveness of the profession, as far as the salary dimension is concerned, has declined substantially in the most recent years. Other evidence indicates that, at least in some countries, a substantial share of the teaching workforce does not hold a regular teaching license and the proportion of “out-of-field” teaching assignments is strikingly high in many subject key areas. It is also emphasised that a teacher shortage is difficult to measure and raises quality as well as quantity concerns. Given that teacher quality is a critical factor in determining student learning, it is entirely appropriate that the educational authorities in the countries with the greatest difficulties develop strategies to guarantee a sufficient supply of quality teachers. This report identifies a broad set of policies that should be given serious consideration to achieve that objective. Finally, this paper also sheds light on the current availability of data on teachers at OECD and relevant data needs for a future quantitative analysis. Ce rapport passe en revue les domaines les plus pertinents qui se rapportent à la gestion de l'offre et de la demande d'enseignants dans l'enseignement pré-universitaire. Premièrement, il propose un cadre conceptuel pour définir, distinguer et relier entre eux les différents aspects de cette gestion. Deuxièmement, il identifie les tendances et les préoccupations de politiques concernant la qualité du corps enseignant dans la zone de l'OCDE. Un troisième objectif consiste à rendre compte de l'évidence empirique sur de nombreux aspects (par exemple la taille des classes, les systèmes de primes, les conditions de travail, la formation et la certification des enseignants, l'organisation des écoles, les systèmes d'évaluation, la structure du marché du travail, les pratiques d'enseignement et d'apprentissage) qui ont un impact sur la profession enseignante. Certaines préoccupations se révèlent concernant le maintien d'une offre adéquate d'enseignants de bonne qualité. Dans un grand nombre de pays, la structure par âge du corps enseignant est déséquilibrée par le poids de la fraction plus âgée et il y a des indices d’une aggravation de cette situation. De plus, l’attrait relatif de la profession, mesuré par le niveau de rémunération, a décliné de manière importante ces dernières années. Par ailleurs, on constate, au moins dans certains pays, qu’une partie importante du corps enseignant ne possède pas les qualifications normalement requises et que la proportion d’enseignants affectés en dehors de leur domaine est remarquablement élevée dans beaucoup de matières importantes. Il est aussi souligné qu'une pénurie d'enseignants est difficile à mesurer et soulève des problèmes à la fois qualitatifs et quantitatifs. Étant donné que la qualité des enseignants est un des facteurs plus déterminants des résultats des élèves, il est absolument pertinent pour les responsables de l'enseignement dans les pays faisant face à de plus grandes difficultés de développer des stratégies visant à garantir une offre suffisante d'enseignants de qualité. Ce rapport identifie un large ensemble de politiques auxquelles une attention particulière devrait être donnée de façon à atteindre cet objectif. Dernièrement, ce rapport apporte aussi éclairage sur la disponibilité des données sur les enseignants à l'OCDE et sur celles qui sont nécessaires à une analyse quantitative future.

Suggested Citation

  • Paulo Santiago, 2002. "Teacher Demand and Supply: Improving Teaching Quality and Addressing Teacher Shortages," OECD Education Working Papers 1, OECD Publishing.
  • Handle: RePEc:oec:eduaab:1-en
    DOI: 10.1787/232506301033
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    1. Haelermans, Carla & De Witte, Kristof & Blank, Jos L.T., 2012. "On the allocation of resources for secondary schools," Economics of Education Review, Elsevier, vol. 31(5), pages 575-586.
    2. Marcello Sansone & Roberto Bruni, 2013. "Involving City Authorities in Event Planning," SCIENZE REGIONALI, FrancoAngeli Editore, vol. 2013(1), pages 115-123.
    3. Haelermans, Carla & De Witte, Kristof, 2012. "The role of innovations in secondary school performance – Evidence from a conditional efficiency model," European Journal of Operational Research, Elsevier, vol. 223(2), pages 541-549.
    4. Stefan C. Wolter & Stefan Denzler & Bernhard A. Weber, 2003. "Betrachtungen zum Arbeitsmarkt der Lehrer in der Schweiz," Vierteljahrshefte zur Wirtschaftsforschung / Quarterly Journal of Economic Research, DIW Berlin, German Institute for Economic Research, vol. 72(2), pages 305-319.
    5. Gortazar, Lucas & Hupkau, Claudia & Roldán-Monés, Antonio, 2024. "Online tutoring works: Experimental evidence from a program with vulnerable children," Journal of Public Economics, Elsevier, vol. 232(C).
    6. Juan Cándido Gómez Gallego & María Concepción Pérez Cárceles & Laura Nieto Torrejón (ed.), 2017. "Investigaciones de Economía de la Educación," E-books Investigaciones de Economía de la Educación, Asociación de Economía de la Educación, edition 1, volume 12, number 12, April.
    7. Fasiha Altaf & Muhammad Saeed, 2019. "Teachers and Education Managers Perceptions and Practices Regarding National Professional Standards for Teachers: A Multiple Case Study," Global Regional Review, Humanity Only, vol. 4(1), pages 326-334, March.
    8. Peter Dolton, 2004. "Recruiting High Quality Teachers," ifo DICE Report, ifo Institute - Leibniz Institute for Economic Research at the University of Munich, vol. 2(4), pages 11-20, 01.
    9. Castro-Zarzur, Rosa & Espinoza, Ricardo & Sarzosa, Miguel, 2022. "Unintended consequences of free college: Self-selection into the teaching profession," Economics of Education Review, Elsevier, vol. 89(C).
    10. Brad Jorgensen & Philip Taylor, 2008. "Older Workers, Government And Business: Implications For Ageing Populations Of A Globalising Economy," Economic Affairs, Wiley Blackwell, vol. 28(1), pages 17-22, March.
    11. Jian Li & Eryong Xue & Jing Cao & Yunshu He & Yuwei Wu & Huijie Hou, 2023. "Knowledge Mapping of the Rural Teacher Development Policy in China: A Bibliometric Analysis on Web of Science," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 15(9), pages 1-16, April.
    12. Alessandro Belmonte & Aline Pennisi, 2013. "Impatto territoriale delle riforme dell?istruzione sul fabbisogno di insegnanti," SCIENZE REGIONALI, FrancoAngeli Editore, vol. 2013(1), pages 87-114.
    13. Umut Türk & John Östh & Marina Toger & Karima Kourtit, 2021. "Using Individualised HDI Measures for Predicting Educational Performance of Young Students—A Swedish Case Study," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 13(11), pages 1-13, May.
    14. Andersson, Christian & Waldenström, Nina, 2007. "Teacher supply and the market for teachers," Working Paper Series 2007:5, IFAU - Institute for Evaluation of Labour Market and Education Policy.
    15. Lucas Gortazar & Claudia Hupkau & Antonio Roldan, 2023. "Online tutoring works: experimental evidence from a program with vulnerable children," CEP Discussion Papers dp1908, Centre for Economic Performance, LSE.

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