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Virtual Incubation in Industrial Clusters: A Case Study in Pakistan

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  • Babur Wasim Arif

    (Federal Bureau of Statistics, Pakistan)

  • Tetsushi Sonobe

    (National Graduate Institute for Policy Studies)

Abstract

In industrial clusters, transaction costs are kept low and free riding is discouraged by a community mechanism developed through dense and repeated interactions among entrepreneurs. In such environments, new entrants without established reputations and connections are put at a distinct disadvantage. This negative effect on new entry must be neutralized for an industrial cluster to expand. Using enterprise level data from Pakistan, this study finds that personal networks are indeed important for successful enterprise operation, which works to the advantage of incumbents, but that subcontracting plays the role of virtual incubation in nurturing new enterprises, reinforcing the cluster’s dynamism.

Suggested Citation

  • Babur Wasim Arif & Tetsushi Sonobe, 2011. "Virtual Incubation in Industrial Clusters: A Case Study in Pakistan," GRIPS Discussion Papers 11-08, National Graduate Institute for Policy Studies.
    • Handle: RePEc:ngi:dpaper:11-08
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    1. repec:unu:wpaper:wp2012-99 is not listed on IDEAS
    2. Sohail, Kanza & Belitski, Maksim & Castro Christiansen, Liza, 2023. "Developing business incubation process frameworks: A systematic literature review," Journal of Business Research, Elsevier, vol. 162(C).
    3. Otsuka, Keijiro & Sonobe, Tetsushi, 2012. "The Role of Training in Fostering Cluster-Based Micro and Small Enterprises Development," WIDER Working Paper Series 099, World Institute for Development Economic Research (UNU-WIDER).
    4. Fahd Rehman, 2012. "Human Capital and MultifacetedInnovation: Evidence from the Lahore Knitwear Cluster in Pakistan," Lahore Journal of Economics, Department of Economics, The Lahore School of Economics, vol. 17(2), pages 63-86, July-Dec.
    5. Tetsushi Sonobe & Yuki Higuchi & Keijiro Otsuka, 2012. "Productivity Growth and Job Creation in the Development Process of Industrial Clusters," GRIPS Discussion Papers 11-22, National Graduate Institute for Policy Studies.
    6. Tetsushi Sonobe & Keijiro Otsuka, 2012. "The Role of Training in Fostering Cluster-Based Micro and Small Enterprises Development," WIDER Working Paper Series wp-2012-099, World Institute for Development Economic Research (UNU-WIDER).
    7. Babur Wasim Arif & Sana Ullah, 2021. "From subcontractors to company owners: modeling firm-type choices in industrial clusters," Journal of Global Entrepreneurship Research, Springer;UNESCO Chair in Entrepreneurship, vol. 11(1), pages 153-161, December.
    8. Sana Ullah & Muhammad Tariq Majeed & Muhammad Hafeez, 2019. "Education, experience, social network and firm survival: the case of the electrical fittings cluster in Sargodha, Pakistan," DECISION: Official Journal of the Indian Institute of Management Calcutta, Springer;Indian Institute of Management Calcutta, vol. 46(3), pages 267-278, September.
    9. Sana Ullah & Colin C. Williams & Babur Wasim Arif, 2019. "The Impacts Of Informality On Enterprise Innovation, Survival And Performance: Some Evidence From Pakistan," Journal of Developmental Entrepreneurship (JDE), World Scientific Publishing Co. Pte. Ltd., vol. 24(03), pages 1-19, September.
    10. Sana Ullah & Babur Wasim Arif & Muhammad Tariq Majeed, 2019. "The Determinants of Firm Survival among Small Cluster Firms," Lahore Journal of Economics, Department of Economics, The Lahore School of Economics, vol. 24(1), pages 131-145, Jan-June.
    11. Tetsushi Sonobe & Keijiro Otsuka, 2015. "Cluster-Based MSE Development: The Role of Kaizen Training," The Pakistan Development Review, Pakistan Institute of Development Economics, vol. 54(4), pages 609-626.
    12. Sana Ullah & Muhammad Tariq Majeed & Babur Wasim Arif, 2021. "Social capital and firms’ choice of financing under credit constraints: microeconomic evidence from Pakistan," DECISION: Official Journal of the Indian Institute of Management Calcutta, Springer;Indian Institute of Management Calcutta, vol. 48(1), pages 3-13, March.
    13. Tetsushi Sonobe & Keijiro Otsuka, 2012. "The Role of Training in Fostering Cluster-Based MSE Development," GRIPS Discussion Papers 12-14, National Graduate Institute for Policy Studies.
    14. Babur Wasim Arif, 2013. "Education, Experience and Enterprise Development," Journal of South Asian Development, , vol. 8(3), pages 273-299, December.

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    Keywords

    South Asia; Pakistan; industrial cluster; social capital; subcontracting;
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