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Why Has Inequality in the Philippines Declined? A Two-stage Hierarchical Inequality Decomposition Analysis by Location and Education

Author

Listed:
  • Takahiro Akita

    (IUJ Research Institute, International University of Japan)

  • Raquel Celeste

    (Department of Social Welfare and Development)

  • Sachiko Miyata

    (Ritsumeikan University)

Abstract

The Philippines has been successful in reducing inequality over the last two decades. This study conducts a two-stage hierarchical inequality decomposition analysis by location and education to explore the determinants of declining expenditure inequality using the Family Income and Expenditure Survey. In the period 1997-2006, falling inequality among urban households with tertiary education is the dominant determinant by explaining 74% of declining overall inequality. In the period 2006-2018, falling disparity between urban and rural areas is the main determinant by explaining 42% of declining overall inequality. Falling inequality among urban households with tertiary education contributed also, but its contribution is 25%. Though expenditure inequality has declined, its level is still very high. To further reduce expenditure inequality, it is imperative to reduce inequality among households with tertiary education. It is also important to reduce inequality between education groups, particularly between households with tertiary education and those with lower education.

Suggested Citation

  • Takahiro Akita & Raquel Celeste & Sachiko Miyata, 2023. "Why Has Inequality in the Philippines Declined? A Two-stage Hierarchical Inequality Decomposition Analysis by Location and Education," Working Papers EMS_2023_07, Research Institute, International University of Japan.
    • Handle: RePEc:iuj:wpaper:ems_2023_07
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    References listed on IDEAS

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    More about this item

    Keywords

    expenditure inequality; Philippines; hierarchical inequality decomposition; roles of education; urban and rural dimensions;
    All these keywords.

    JEL classification:

    • I24 - Health, Education, and Welfare - - Education - - - Education and Inequality
    • I25 - Health, Education, and Welfare - - Education - - - Education and Economic Development
    • O15 - Economic Development, Innovation, Technological Change, and Growth - - Economic Development - - - Economic Development: Human Resources; Human Development; Income Distribution; Migration
    • O18 - Economic Development, Innovation, Technological Change, and Growth - - Economic Development - - - Urban, Rural, Regional, and Transportation Analysis; Housing; Infrastructure

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