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Heroes and Villains: The Effects of Combat Heroism on Autocratic Values and Nazi Collaboration in France

Author

Listed:
  • Julia Cage

    (ECON - Département d'économie (Sciences Po) - Sciences Po - Sciences Po - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique)

  • Anna Dagorret

    (Stanford University)

  • Pauline Grosjean

    (UNSW - University of New South Wales [Sydney])

  • Saumitra Jha

    (Stanford University)

Abstract

Can heroes legitimize strongly-proscribed and repugnant political behaviors? We exploit the purposefully arbitrary rotation of French regiments to measure the legitimizing effects of heroic credentials. 53% of French line regiments happened to rotate under a specific general, Philippe Pétain, during the pivotal WWI battle of Verdun (1916). Using recently declassified intelligence data on 95,314 individuals, we find the home municipalities of regiments serving under Pétain at Verdun raised 7% more Nazi collaborators during the Pétain led Vichy regime (1940-44). The effects are similar across joining Fascist parties, German forces, paramilitaries that hunted Jews and the Resistance, and collaborating economically. These municipalities also increasingly vote for right-wing parties between the wars. The voting effects persist after WWII, becoming particularly salient during social crises. We argue these results reflect the complementary role of the heroes of Verdun in legitimizing and diffusing the authoritarian values of their former leader.

Suggested Citation

  • Julia Cage & Anna Dagorret & Pauline Grosjean & Saumitra Jha, 2021. "Heroes and Villains: The Effects of Combat Heroism on Autocratic Values and Nazi Collaboration in France," SciencePo Working papers hal-03389171, HAL.
    • Handle: RePEc:hal:wpspec:hal-03389171
    Note: View the original document on HAL open archive server: https://sciencespo.hal.science/hal-03389171v2
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    More about this item

    Keywords

    Heroes; Leaders; Democratic Values; Autocracy; Identity; Networks; Votes; Legitimacy;
    All these keywords.

    JEL classification:

    • D74 - Microeconomics - - Analysis of Collective Decision-Making - - - Conflict; Conflict Resolution; Alliances; Revolutions
    • L14 - Industrial Organization - - Market Structure, Firm Strategy, and Market Performance - - - Transactional Relationships; Contracts and Reputation
    • N44 - Economic History - - Government, War, Law, International Relations, and Regulation - - - Europe: 1913-

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