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Effective demand and short-term adjustments in the General Theory
[La demande effective et les ajustements de court terme dans la théorie générale]

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  • Olivier Allain

    (UPD5 - Université Paris Descartes - Paris 5, CES - Centre d'économie de la Sorbonne - UP1 - Université Paris 1 Panthéon-Sorbonne - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique)

Abstract

Keynes' principle of effective demand constitutes a pillar for Post Keynesians theories. But Keynes' presentation remains difficult to interpret, mainly because the aggregate demand function is based on entrepreneurs' expectations. The problem is then to demonstrate how these entrepreneurs (whose only concern is making profits) are led to produce the effective demand (which partially results from the consumers' and investors' behaviour). Previous studies by authors like Weintraub or Davidson highlight the trial and error procedure here at stake. However, since their analyses are not built on a precise accounting of monetary flows, they fail to formally demonstrate the coherence of the whole adjustment process. The aim of this article is to provide such a formal demonstration. We thus concentrate on the General Theory to verify how it constitutes a coherent framework to analyse temporary equilibriums (at the end of every elementary period) and short-term dynamics which bring the economy towards the stationary equilibrium.

Suggested Citation

  • Olivier Allain, 2006. "Effective demand and short-term adjustments in the General Theory [La demande effective et les ajustements de court terme dans la théorie générale]," Post-Print halshs-00112440, HAL.
    • Handle: RePEc:hal:journl:halshs-00112440
    Note: View the original document on HAL open archive server: https://shs.hal.science/halshs-00112440
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    References listed on IDEAS

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    1. Paul Davidson, 1994. "Post Keynesian Macroeconomic Theory," Books, Edward Elgar Publishing, number 124.
    2. John King, 1993. "Aggregate Supply and Demand Analysis Since Keynes: A Partial History," Working Papers 1993.16, School of Economics, La Trobe University.
    3. J. E. King, 1994. "Aggregate Supply and Demand Analysis Since Keynes: A Partial History," Journal of Post Keynesian Economics, Taylor & Francis Journals, vol. 17(1), pages 3-31, September.
    4. Kregel, J A, 1976. "Economic Methodology in the Face of Uncertainty: The Modelling Methods of Keynes and the Post-Keynesians," Economic Journal, Royal Economic Society, vol. 86(342), pages 209-225, June.
    5. Edward J. Amadeo, 1989. "Keynes’s Principle of Effective Demand," Books, Edward Elgar Publishing, number 11.
    6. David L. Roberts, 1978. "Patinkin, Keynes, and aggregate supply and demand analysis," History of Political Economy, Duke University Press, vol. 10(4), pages 549-576, Winter.
    7. H. Vandenborre, 1958. "An Integration Of Employment Economics Within The Keynesian Theory Of Money Flows," Oxford Economic Papers, Oxford University Press, vol. 10(2), pages 205-219.
    8. Godley, Wynne, 1999. "Money and Credit in a Keynesian Model of Income Determination," Cambridge Journal of Economics, Cambridge Political Economy Society, vol. 23(4), pages 393-411, July.
    9. Casarosa, Carlo, 1981. "The Microfoundations of Keynes's Aggregate Supply and Expected Demand Analysis," Economic Journal, Royal Economic Society, vol. 91(361), pages 188-194, March.
    Full references (including those not matched with items on IDEAS)

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    Cited by:

    1. Jochen Hartwig, 2011. "Aggregate Demand and Aggregate Supply: Will the Real Keynes Please Stand Up?," Review of Political Economy, Taylor & Francis Journals, vol. 23(4), pages 613-618, October.
    2. M.G. Hayes, 2013. "Effective Demand: Securing the Foundations," Review of Political Economy, Taylor & Francis Journals, vol. 25(4), pages 661-671, October.
    3. Hein, Eckhard, 2015. "The principle of effective demand: Marx, Kalecki, Keynes and beyond," IPE Working Papers 60/2015, Berlin School of Economics and Law, Institute for International Political Economy (IPE).
    4. Jochen Hartwig, 2017. "The Comparative Statics of Effective Demand," Review of Political Economy, Taylor & Francis Journals, vol. 29(3), pages 360-375, July.
    5. Olivier Allain, 2013. "Effective Demand: Securing the Foundations," Review of Political Economy, Taylor & Francis Journals, vol. 25(4), pages 653-660, October.
    6. Olivier Allain & Jochen Hartwig & M.G. Hayes, 2013. "Introduction to the Symposium," Review of Political Economy, Taylor & Francis Journals, vol. 25(4), pages 650-652, October.
    7. Rotta, Tomás N., 2021. "Effective Demand and Prices of Production: An Evolutionary Approach," Structural Change and Economic Dynamics, Elsevier, vol. 58(C), pages 90-105.
    8. Olivier Allain, 2007. "Monetary circulation, the paradox of profits, and the velocity of money," Post-Print halshs-00196485, HAL.
    9. M. G. Hayes, 2013. "The State of Short-term Expectation," Review of Political Economy, Taylor & Francis Journals, vol. 25(2), pages 205-224, April.
    10. repec:pke:wpaper:pkwp1211 is not listed on IDEAS
    11. Jochen Hartwig, 2009. "D and Z in ROPE," KOF Working papers 09-243, KOF Swiss Economic Institute, ETH Zurich.
    12. Rotta, Tomas, 2020. "Effective Demand and Prices of Production: An Evolutionary Approach," MPRA Paper 97910, University Library of Munich, Germany.

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    More about this item

    Keywords

    Keynesian economics; General Theory; macroeconomics; effective demand; short-term expectations; Economie keynésienne; Théorie Générale; macroéconomie; demande effective; anticipations de court terme;
    All these keywords.

    JEL classification:

    • B20 - Schools of Economic Thought and Methodology - - History of Economic Thought since 1925 - - - General
    • B22 - Schools of Economic Thought and Methodology - - History of Economic Thought since 1925 - - - Macroeconomics
    • E12 - Macroeconomics and Monetary Economics - - General Aggregative Models - - - Keynes; Keynesian; Post-Keynesian; Modern Monetary Theory

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