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À quoi servent les (centaines de milliers de milliards de) transactions boursières ?

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  • Gunther Capelle-Blancard

    (CES - Centre d'économie de la Sorbonne - UP1 - Université Paris 1 Panthéon-Sorbonne - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, PSB - Paris School of Business - HESAM - HESAM Université - Communauté d'universités et d'établissements Hautes écoles Sorbonne Arts et métiers université, Labex ReFi - UP1 - Université Paris 1 Panthéon-Sorbonne)

Abstract

Depuis la crise, plusieurs études académiques ont mis en évidence le développement parfois excessif de la sphère financière. Dans cet article, nous nous interrogeons spécifiquement sur la très forte tendance à la hausse des transactions boursières observée depuis les années 1980. Au niveau mondial, les échanges sur les marchés actions s'élèvent aujourd'hui à plus de 100 000 Md$ chaque année, ce qui équivaut à près de 150 % du PIB, contre seulement 5 % en 1975. Quelle est « l'utilité sociale » d'une telle activité ? La liquidité des marchés de capitaux est certes un déterminant essentiel du coût des financements, et donc de la croissance économique. Mais il y a tout lieu de penser que l'effet marginal soit décroissant. De nombreux travaux, théoriques et empiriques, suggèrent même qu'au-delà d'un certain seuil, l'augmentation des transactions a un effet négatif lié au fait que : (1) les entreprises pâtissent du raccourcissement de l'horizon de placement des investisseurs alors qu'elles ont besoin d'investisseurs de long terme ; (2) les investisseurs ont tendance à réaliser trop de transactions, ce qui nuit à leurs performances ; (3) cela s'accompagne d'une opacité croissance et d'une défiance de plus en plus forte vis-à-vis des marchés. Quelques rares mesures ont été prises pour, si ce n'est réduire, au moins limiter la croissance des transactions boursières, avec une efficacité très limitée. Seule une réforme en profondeur de l'organisation des marchés pourrait, semble-t-il, inverser la tendance. Au final, les enjeux dépassent la question du volume de transactions et portent sur la finalité des marchés boursiers.

Suggested Citation

  • Gunther Capelle-Blancard, 2017. "À quoi servent les (centaines de milliers de milliards de) transactions boursières ?," Post-Print hal-03029280, HAL.
  • Handle: RePEc:hal:journl:hal-03029280
    DOI: 10.3917/ecofi.127.0037
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    JEL classification:

    • G10 - Financial Economics - - General Financial Markets - - - General (includes Measurement and Data)
    • F38 - International Economics - - International Finance - - - International Financial Policy: Financial Transactions Tax; Capital Controls

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