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Bank regulation under fire sale externalities

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This paper examines the optimal design of and interaction between capital and liquidity regulations in a model characterized by fire sale externalities. In the model, banks can insure against potential liquidity shocks by hoarding sufficient precautionary liquid assets. However, it is never optimal to fully insure, so realized liquidity shocks trigger an asset fire sale. Banks, not internalizing the fire sale externality, overinvest in the risky asset and underinvest in the liquid asset in the unregulated competitive equilibrium. Capital requirements can lead to less severe fire sales by addressing the inefficiency and reducing risky assets -- however, we show that banks respond to stricter capital requirements by decreasing their liquidity ratios. Anticipating this response, the regulator preemptively sets capital ratios at high levels. Ultimately, this interplay between banks and the regulator leads to inefficiently low levels of risky assets and liquidity. Macroprudential liquidity requirements that complement capital regulations, as in Basel III, restore constrained efficiency, improve financial stability and allow for a higher level of investment in risky assets.

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  • Gazi I. Kara & S. Mehmet Ozsoy, 2016. "Bank regulation under fire sale externalities," Finance and Economics Discussion Series 2016-026, Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System (U.S.).
    • Handle: RePEc:fip:fedgfe:2016-26
    DOI: 10.17016/FEDS.2016.026
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    Cited by:

    1. Paul Pichler & Flora Lutz, 2017. "Liquidity risk and financial stability regulation," Vienna Economics Papers 1701, University of Vienna, Department of Economics.
    2. Flora Lutz & Leopold Zessner-Spitzenberg, 2019. "Sudden Stops and Reserve Accumulation in the Presence of International Liquidity Risk," Vienna Economics Papers 1907, University of Vienna, Department of Economics.
    3. Gazi I. Kara, 2016. "Bank Capital Regulations Around the World : What Explains the Differences?," Finance and Economics Discussion Series 2016-057, Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System (U.S.).
    4. Bachmann, Manuel, 2018. "The Impact of Ex Ante Regulations and Ex Post Interventions on Bank Lending and Solvency," Department of Economics Working Paper Series 269, WU Vienna University of Economics and Business.
    5. Skander Van den Heuvel, 2019. "The Welfare Effects of Bank Liquidity and Capital Requirements," 2019 Meeting Papers 325, Society for Economic Dynamics.
    6. Adi Mordel, 2018. "Prudential Liquidity Regulation in Banking-A Literature Review," Discussion Papers 18-8, Bank of Canada.
    7. Kara, Gazi Ishak, 2016. "Systemic risk, international regulation, and the limits of coordination," Journal of International Economics, Elsevier, vol. 99(C), pages 192-222.
    8. Sandrine Lecarpentier & Cyril Pouvelle & Olivier de Bandt, 2019. "Determinants of banks' liquidity : a French perspective on market and regulatory ratio interactions," EconomiX Working Papers 2019-18, University of Paris Nanterre, EconomiX.
    9. Vo, Quynh-Anh, 2021. "Interactions of capital and liquidity requirements: a review of the literature," Bank of England working papers 916, Bank of England.
    10. Stijn Claessens & M Ayhan Kose, 2018. "Frontiers of macrofinancial linkages," BIS Papers, Bank for International Settlements, number 95.
    11. Tirupam Goel & Isha Agarwal, 2021. "Limits of stress-test based bank regulation," BIS Working Papers 953, Bank for International Settlements.
    12. Flora Lutz & Leopold Zessner-Spitzenberg, 2019. "Sudden Stops and Reserve Accumulation in the Presence of International Liquidity Risk," Vienna Economics Papers vie1907, University of Vienna, Department of Economics.
    13. Paul Pichler & Flora Lutz, 2017. "Liquidity risk and financial stability regulation," Vienna Economics Papers vie1701, University of Vienna, Department of Economics.
    14. de Bandt, Olivier & Lecarpentier, Sandrine & Pouvelle, Cyril, 2021. "Determinants of banks’ liquidity: A French perspective on interactions between market and regulatory requirements," Journal of Banking & Finance, Elsevier, vol. 124(C).
    15. Ruitao Gu & Qiaoyun Zhang & Wei Zhou & Jianxu Liu, 2022. "Judging the True Health of Finance Institutions Based on Risk Behavior and Operation Performance," Mathematical Problems in Engineering, Hindawi, vol. 2022, pages 1-21, November.
    16. Anil K Kashyap & Dimitrios P. Tsomocos & Alexandros P. Vardoulakis, 2024. "Optimal Bank Regulation in the Presence of Credit and Run Risk," Journal of Political Economy, University of Chicago Press, vol. 132(3), pages 772-823.
    17. Ryuichiro Izumi & Yang Li, 2021. "Financial Stability with Fire Sale Externalities," Wesleyan Economics Working Papers 2021-002, Wesleyan University, Department of Economics.
    18. Glocker, Christian, 2019. "Do reserve requirements reduce the risk of bank failure?," MPRA Paper 95634, University Library of Munich, Germany.
    19. Liu, Zehao & Xie, Chengbo, 2021. "Liquidity, capital requirements, and shadow banking," International Review of Economics & Finance, Elsevier, vol. 76(C), pages 1379-1388.
    20. Manuel Bachmann, 2018. "The Impact of Ex Ante Regulations and Ex Post Interventions on Bank Lending and Solvency," Department of Economics Working Papers wuwp269, Vienna University of Economics and Business, Department of Economics.
    21. Bonner, Clemens & Wedow, Michael & Budnik, Katarzyna & Koban, Anne & Kok, Christoffer & Laliotis, Dimitrios & Meller, Barbara & Melo, Ana Sofia & Moldovan, Iulia & Schmitz, Stefan & Couaillier, Cyril , 2018. "Systemic liquidity concept, measurement and macroprudential instruments," Occasional Paper Series 214, European Central Bank.

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    More about this item

    Keywords

    Bank capital regulation; liquidity regulations; fire sale externality; Basel III;
    All these keywords.

    JEL classification:

    • G20 - Financial Economics - - Financial Institutions and Services - - - General
    • G21 - Financial Economics - - Financial Institutions and Services - - - Banks; Other Depository Institutions; Micro Finance Institutions; Mortgages
    • G28 - Financial Economics - - Financial Institutions and Services - - - Government Policy and Regulation

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