IDEAS home Printed from https://ideas.repec.org/p/fip/fedfcw/2010-05.html
   My bibliography  Save this paper

The Community Reinvestment Act and small business lending in low- and moderate-income neighborhoods during the financial crisis

Author

Listed:
  • Elizabeth Laderman
  • Carolina Reid

Abstract

Over the last three years, the financial crisis and ensuing recession have led to tectonic shifts in the availability of credit, especially for small businesses. Data show that the number of loans to small businesses has dropped from 5.2 million loans in 2007 to 1.6 million in 2009. This trend is of significant concern to policy-makers, particularly given the important role that small businesses play in the US economy. Making credit accessible to small businesses, therefore, is seen as a critical component of economic recovery. Despite this policy focus, however, few studies have documented recent trends in small business lending, and even fewer have focused attention on the implications of the reduction in credit for small businesses in low- and moderate-income neighborhoods. ; In this paper, we seek to address this gap by examining trends in small business lending in low- and moderate-income (LMI) neighborhoods by large banks regulated under the Community Reinvestment Act (CRA). We find that there is a strong relationship between the boom and bust housing market cycle and patterns in small business lending, both over time and over space. While small business lending expanded rapidly between 2003 and 2007, this expansion was uneven, and neither LMI communities nor neighborhoods with a high percentage of African American residents appear to have benefited as much as other areas from the boom. Since 2007, small business lending has contracted significantly, particularly in areas that have also seen contractions in the housing sector. Our results show significant spillover effects of the mortgage crisis into small business lending?for the economy as a whole as well as for LMI areas in particular. Our findings suggest that in order to reverse the cycle of disinvestment in neighborhoods hit hard by foreclosures, we need to address the small business sector as well as housing.

Suggested Citation

  • Elizabeth Laderman & Carolina Reid, 2010. "The Community Reinvestment Act and small business lending in low- and moderate-income neighborhoods during the financial crisis," Community Development Working Paper 2010-05, Federal Reserve Bank of San Francisco.
  • Handle: RePEc:fip:fedfcw:2010-05
    as

    Download full text from publisher

    File URL: https://www.frbsf.org/community-development/wp-content/uploads/sites/3/wp2010-05.pdf
    Download Restriction: no
    ---><---

    References listed on IDEAS

    as
    1. DeYoung, Robert & Frame, W. Scott & Glennon, Dennis & McMillen, Daniel P. & Nigro, Peter, 2008. "Commercial lending distance and historically underserved areas," Journal of Economics and Business, Elsevier, vol. 60(1-2), pages 149-164.
    2. Elizabeth Laderman, 2008. "The quantity and character of out-of-market small business lending," Economic Review, Federal Reserve Bank of San Francisco, pages 31-39.
    3. Bonaccorsi di Patti, Emilia & Gobbi, Giorgio, 2001. "The changing structure of local credit markets: Are small businesses special?," Journal of Banking & Finance, Elsevier, vol. 25(12), pages 2209-2237, December.
    4. Kenneth P. Brevoort & John A. Holmes & John D. Wolken, 2010. "Distance still matters: the information revolution in small business lending and the persistent role of location, 1993-2003," Finance and Economics Discussion Series 2010-08, Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System (U.S.).
    5. Ben R. Craig & William E. Jackson & James B. Thomson, 2006. "Small-firm credit markets, SBA-guaranteed lending, and economic performance in low-income areas," Working Papers (Old Series) 0601, Federal Reserve Bank of Cleveland.
    Full references (including those not matched with items on IDEAS)

    Citations

    Citations are extracted by the CitEc Project, subscribe to its RSS feed for this item.
    as


    Cited by:

    1. Keongtae Kim & Il-Horn Hann, 2019. "Crowdfunding and the Democratization of Access to Capital—An Illusion? Evidence from Housing Prices," Service Science, INFORMS, vol. 30(1), pages 276-290, March.
    2. repec:fip:fedhpw:00001 is not listed on IDEAS
    3. Kuti, Mónika & Galambosné Tiszberger, Mónika & Czigler, Enikő, 2018. "Magyarországról indított közösségi finanszírozású kampányok. A Kickstarter-platform esete [Kick-starter campaigns launched from Hungary]," Közgazdasági Szemle (Economic Review - monthly of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences), Közgazdasági Szemle Alapítvány (Economic Review Foundation), vol. 0(2), pages 206-225.
    4. Robin G. Newberger & Maude Toussaint-Comeau, 2014. "An Analysis of SBA Loans in Lower-income and Black neighborhoods in Detroit and Michigan," Profitwise, Federal Reserve Bank of Chicago, issue Spring, pages 1-26.

    Most related items

    These are the items that most often cite the same works as this one and are cited by the same works as this one.
    1. Adams, Robert M. & Brevoort, Kenneth P. & Driscoll, John C., 2023. "Is lending distance really changing? Distance dynamics and loan composition in small business lending," Journal of Banking & Finance, Elsevier, vol. 156(C).
    2. James McNulty & Marina Murdock & Nivine Richie, 2013. "Are commercial bank lending propensities useful in understanding small firm finance?," Journal of Economics and Finance, Springer;Academy of Economics and Finance, vol. 37(4), pages 511-527, October.
    3. Angelo Secchi & Federico Tamagni & Chiara Tomasi, 2016. "Financial constraints and firm exports: accounting for heterogeneity, self-selection, and endogeneity," Industrial and Corporate Change, Oxford University Press and the Associazione ICC, vol. 25(5), pages 813-827.
    4. Giorgio Bellettini & Carlotta Berti Ceroni & Giovanni Prarolo, 2013. "Persistence Of Politicians And Firms' Innovation," Economic Inquiry, Western Economic Association International, vol. 51(4), pages 2056-2070, October.
    5. Pankaj C. Patel & Mike G. Tsionas, 2022. "Learning‐by‐lending and learning‐by‐repaying: A two‐sided learning model for defaults on Small Business Administration loans," Managerial and Decision Economics, John Wiley & Sons, Ltd., vol. 43(4), pages 906-919, June.
    6. Bonaccorsi di Patti, Emilia & Dell'Ariccia, Giovanni, 2004. "Bank Competition and Firm Creation," Journal of Money, Credit and Banking, Blackwell Publishing, vol. 36(2), pages 225-251, April.
    7. Angelo Secchi & Federico Tamagni & Chiara Tomasi, 2016. "Export price adjustments under financial constraints," Canadian Journal of Economics/Revue canadienne d'économique, John Wiley & Sons, vol. 49(3), pages 1057-1085, August.
    8. Ivana Catturani & Ragupathy Venkatachalam, 2014. "Optimal Interest Rates in Cooperative Banks with Non-member Customers," Journal of Entrepreneurial and Organizational Diversity, European Research Institute on Cooperative and Social Enterprises, vol. 3(1), pages 181-199, June.
    9. Giorgio Gobbi & Francesca Lotti, 2004. "Entry Decisions and Adverse Selection: An Empirical Analysis of Local Credit Markets," Journal of Financial Services Research, Springer;Western Finance Association, vol. 26(3), pages 225-244, December.
    10. Marc Deloof & Maurizio Rocca, 2015. "Local financial development and the trade credit policy of Italian SMEs," Small Business Economics, Springer, vol. 44(4), pages 905-924, April.
    11. van der Plaat, Mark, 2020. "Loan sales and the tyranny of tistance in U.S. residential mortgage lending," MPRA Paper 107519, University Library of Munich, Germany, revised 20 Apr 2021.
    12. Herrero, Alicia Garcia & Martinez Peria, Maria Soledad, 2007. "The mix of international banks' foreign claims: Determinants and implications," Journal of Banking & Finance, Elsevier, vol. 31(6), pages 1613-1631, June.
    13. Mkhaiber, Achraf & Werner, Richard A., 2021. "The relationship between bank size and the propensity to lend to small firms: New empirical evidence from a large sample," Journal of International Money and Finance, Elsevier, vol. 110(C).
    14. Pietro Alessandrini & Andrea F. Presbitero & Alberto Zazzaro, 2010. "Bank size or distance: what hampers innovation adoption by SMEs?," Journal of Economic Geography, Oxford University Press, vol. 10(6), pages 845-881, November.
    15. Pietro Alessandrini & Andrea Filippo Presbitero & Alberto Zazzaro, 2008. "Global Banking and Local Markets," Mo.Fi.R. Working Papers 4, Money and Finance Research group (Mo.Fi.R.) - Univ. Politecnica Marche - Dept. Economic and Social Sciences.
    16. Giovanni Dell’Ariccia & Dalida Kadyrzhanova & Camelia Minoiu & Lev Ratnovski, 2021. "Bank Lending in the Knowledge Economy," The Review of Financial Studies, Society for Financial Studies, vol. 34(10), pages 5036-5076.
    17. Silvia Del Prete & Cristina Demma & Iconio Garrì & Marco Piazza & Giovanni Soggia, 2022. "The heterogeneous effects of bank mergers and acquisitions on credit to firms: evidence from Italian macro-regions," Temi di discussione (Economic working papers) 1382, Bank of Italy, Economic Research and International Relations Area.
    18. Cannari Luigi & D'Alessio Giovanni, 2007. "The opinion of Italians on tax evasion," Temi di discussione (Economic working papers) 618, Bank of Italy, Economic Research and International Relations Area.
    19. Enrico Beretta & Silvia Del Prete, 2007. "Bank consolidation and lending policies to small business: Differences across geographical areas," Temi di discussione (Economic working papers) 644, Bank of Italy, Economic Research and International Relations Area.
    20. D’Onofrio, Alexandra & Minetti, Raoul & Murro, Pierluigi, 2019. "Banking development, socioeconomic structure and income inequality," Journal of Economic Behavior & Organization, Elsevier, vol. 157(C), pages 428-451.

    More about this item

    Keywords

    Bank loans; small business finance;

    NEP fields

    This paper has been announced in the following NEP Reports:

    Statistics

    Access and download statistics

    Corrections

    All material on this site has been provided by the respective publishers and authors. You can help correct errors and omissions. When requesting a correction, please mention this item's handle: RePEc:fip:fedfcw:2010-05. See general information about how to correct material in RePEc.

    If you have authored this item and are not yet registered with RePEc, we encourage you to do it here. This allows to link your profile to this item. It also allows you to accept potential citations to this item that we are uncertain about.

    If CitEc recognized a bibliographic reference but did not link an item in RePEc to it, you can help with this form .

    If you know of missing items citing this one, you can help us creating those links by adding the relevant references in the same way as above, for each refering item. If you are a registered author of this item, you may also want to check the "citations" tab in your RePEc Author Service profile, as there may be some citations waiting for confirmation.

    For technical questions regarding this item, or to correct its authors, title, abstract, bibliographic or download information, contact: Federal Reserve Bank of San Francisco Research Library (email available below). General contact details of provider: https://edirc.repec.org/data/frbsfus.html .

    Please note that corrections may take a couple of weeks to filter through the various RePEc services.

    IDEAS is a RePEc service. RePEc uses bibliographic data supplied by the respective publishers.