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The Stacked Leading Indicators Dynamic Factor Model: A Sensitivity Analysis of Forecast Accuracy using Bootstrapping

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  • Daniel Grenouilleau

Abstract

The paper introduces an approximate dynamic factor model based on the extraction of principal components from a very large number of leading indicators stacked at various lags. The model is designed to produce short-term forecasts that are computed with the EM algorithm implemented with the first few eigenvectors ordered by descending eigenvalues. A cross-sectional bootstrap experiment is used to shed light on the sensitivity of the factor model to factor selection and to sampling uncertainty. The empirical number of factors seems more appropriately set through an analysis of eigenvalues, bootstrapped eigenvalues or the BIC than with more sophisticated information criteria. Confidence intervals derived from bootstrapped forecasts show the extent to which the data composition can support the hypothesis of business cycle co-movements and the selected factors can account for those shocks. Pseudo real-time out-of-sample forecast experiments conducted with a dataset of about two thousand series covering the euro area business cycle show that the SLID factor model outperforms benchmark models (AR models, leading indicators equations) for one-, two- and three- quarters-ahead forecasts of GDP growth. The accuracy of coincident forecasts compared to final estimates is not significantly different from Eurostat Flash or first estimates and is slightly superior to that of CEPR Eurocoin.

Suggested Citation

  • Daniel Grenouilleau, 2006. "The Stacked Leading Indicators Dynamic Factor Model: A Sensitivity Analysis of Forecast Accuracy using Bootstrapping," European Economy - Economic Papers 2008 - 2015 249, Directorate General Economic and Financial Affairs (DG ECFIN), European Commission.
    • Handle: RePEc:euf:ecopap:0249
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    References listed on IDEAS

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    3. Javier Maldonado & Esther Ruiz, 2021. "Accurate Confidence Regions for Principal Components Factors," Oxford Bulletin of Economics and Statistics, Department of Economics, University of Oxford, vol. 83(6), pages 1432-1453, December.
    4. A. Melander & G. Sismanidis & D. Grenouilleau, 2007. "The track record of the Commission's forecasts - an update," European Economy - Economic Papers 2008 - 2015 291, Directorate General Economic and Financial Affairs (DG ECFIN), European Commission.
    5. Pang, Iris Ai Jao, 2010. "Forecasting Hong Kong economy using factor augmented vector autoregression," MPRA Paper 32495, University Library of Munich, Germany.
    6. Davor Kunovac, 2007. "Factor Model Forecasting of Inflation in Croatia," Financial Theory and Practice, Institute of Public Finance, vol. 31(4), pages 371-393.

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