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Has New York Become Less Competitive in Global Markets? Evaluating Foreign Listing Choices over Time

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  • Doidge, Craig

    (U of Toronto)

  • Karolyi, G. Andrew

    (Ohio State U)

  • Stulz, Rene

Abstract

We study the determinants and consequences of cross-listings on the New York and London stock exchanges from 1990 to 2005. This investigation enables us to evaluate the relative benefits of New York and London exchange listings and to assess whether these relative benefits have changed over time, perhaps as a result of the passage of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of Congress (SOX) in 2002. We find that cross-listings have been falling on U.S. exchanges as well as on the Main Market in London. This decline in cross-listings is explained by changes in firm characteristics rather than by changes in the benefits of cross-listing. We show that, after controlling for firm characteristics, there is no deficit in cross-listing counts on U.S. exchanges related to SOX. Investigating the valuation differential between listed and nonlisted firms (the "cross-listing premium") from 1990 to 2005, we find that there is a significant premium for U.S. exchange listings every year, that the premium has not fallen significantly in recent years, that it persists when allowing for unobservable firm characteristics, and that there is a permanent premium in event time. In contrast, there is no premium for listings on London's Main Market for any year. Crosslisting in the U.S. leads firms to increase their capital-raising activity at home and abroad while a London listing has no such impact. Our evidence is consistent with the theory that an exchange listing in New York has unique governance benefits for foreign firms. These benefits have not been seriously eroded by SOX and cannot be replicated through a London listing.

Suggested Citation

  • Doidge, Craig & Karolyi, G. Andrew & Stulz, Rene, 2007. "Has New York Become Less Competitive in Global Markets? Evaluating Foreign Listing Choices over Time," Working Paper Series 2007-9, Ohio State University, Charles A. Dice Center for Research in Financial Economics.
    • Handle: RePEc:ecl:ohidic:2007-9
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    3. Thierry Foucault & Laurent Frésard, 2012. "Cross-Listing, Investment Sensitivity to Stock Price, and the Learning Hypothesis," The Review of Financial Studies, Society for Financial Studies, vol. 25(11), pages 3305-3350.
    4. Goergen, Marc & Renneboog, Luc, 2008. "Contractual corporate governance," Journal of Corporate Finance, Elsevier, vol. 14(3), pages 166-182, June.
    5. Cécile Carpentier & Jean-François L'Her & Jean-Marc Suret, 2008. "Competition and Survival of Stock Exchanges: Lessons from Canada," Review of Pacific Basin Financial Markets and Policies (RPBFMP), World Scientific Publishing Co. Pte. Ltd., vol. 11(02), pages 255-286.
    6. Thomas O'Connor & Todd Mitton, 2008. "Investability and Firm Value," Economics Department Working Paper Series n1920508.pdf, Department of Economics, National University of Ireland - Maynooth.
    7. Athanasios Koulakiotis & Katerina Lyroudi & Nikos Thomaidis & Nicholas Papasyriopoulos, 2010. "The impact of cross‐listings on the UK and the German stock markets," Studies in Economics and Finance, Emerald Group Publishing Limited, vol. 27(1), pages 4-18, March.
    8. Ferreira, Miguel A. & Matos, Pedro, 2008. "The colors of investors' money: The role of institutional investors around the world," Journal of Financial Economics, Elsevier, vol. 88(3), pages 499-533, June.
    9. Bianconi, Marcelo & Chen, Richard & Yoshino, Joe A., 2013. "Firm value, the Sarbanes-Oxley Act and cross-listing in the U.S., Germany and Hong Kong destinations," The North American Journal of Economics and Finance, Elsevier, vol. 24(C), pages 25-44.
    10. Kate Litvak, 2008. "The Long‐Term Effect of the Sarbanes‐Oxley Act on Cross‐Listing Premia," European Financial Management, European Financial Management Association, vol. 14(5), pages 875-920, November.
    11. Luigi Zingales, 2009. "The Future of Securities Regulation," Journal of Accounting Research, Wiley Blackwell, vol. 47(2), pages 391-425, May.
    12. Jörg Rocholl, 2009. "Corporate Governance und Internationale Kapitalmärkte," Schmalenbach Journal of Business Research, Springer, vol. 61(1), pages 114-123, February.
    13. Roman Asyngier, 2013. "Newconnect in Comparison With Multilateral Trading Facilities in Europe: Irregularities in the Functioning of the Polish MTF Market," Diversity, Technology, and Innovation for Operational Competitiveness: Proceedings of the 2013 International Conference on Technology Innovation and Industrial Management,, ToKnowPress.
    14. Berkman, Henk & Cole, Rebel A. & Fu, Lawrence J., 2009. "Expropriation through loan guarantees to related parties: Evidence from China," Journal of Banking & Finance, Elsevier, vol. 33(1), pages 141-156, January.
    15. Thomas J. Chemmanur & Jie He & Paolo Fulghieri, 2008. "Competition and Cooperation among Exchanges: Effects on Corporate Cross‐Listing Decisions and Listing Standards," Journal of Applied Corporate Finance, Morgan Stanley, vol. 20(3), pages 76-90, June.
    16. Abdul Wahid & Muhammad Zubair Mumtaz, 2020. "Long-run price performance of local and dual class IPOs in alternative investment market," Zbornik radova Ekonomskog fakulteta u Rijeci/Proceedings of Rijeka Faculty of Economics, University of Rijeka, Faculty of Economics and Business, vol. 38(1), pages 71-100.
    17. Fernandes, Nuno & Lel, Ugur & Miller, Darius P., 2010. "Escape from New York: The market impact of loosening disclosure requirements," Journal of Financial Economics, Elsevier, vol. 95(2), pages 129-147, February.
    18. Steen Thomsen & Frederik Vinten, 2014. "Delistings and the costs of governance: a study of European stock exchanges 1996–2004," Journal of Management & Governance, Springer;Accademia Italiana di Economia Aziendale (AIDEA), vol. 18(3), pages 793-833, August.
    19. Joyce Hsieh & Chien-Chung Nieh, 2010. "An overview of Asian equity markets," Asian-Pacific Economic Literature, The Crawford School, The Australian National University, vol. 24(2), pages 19-51, November.
    20. C. Bülent Aybar & Wendy M. Jeffus & John C. Edmunds, 2012. "Successful Cross-border Acquisitions of Latin American Financial Institutions: Identifying Success Factors," Global Journal of Emerging Market Economies, Emerging Markets Forum, vol. 4(3), pages 347-367, September.
    21. Marcelo Bianconi & Richard Chen, 2009. "Firm Value, Cross-Listing Premium and the Sarbanes-Oxley Act," Discussion Papers Series, Department of Economics, Tufts University 0738, Department of Economics, Tufts University.
    22. Sapovadia, Vrajlal & Madhani, Pankaj, 2015. "Corporate Governance and Disclosure Practices in India: MNC Subsidiaries versus Domestic Cross-Listed Firms," MPRA Paper 96043, University Library of Munich, Germany.
    23. Joseph D. Piotroski & Suraj Srinivasan, 2008. "Regulation and Bonding: The Sarbanes‐Oxley Act and the Flow of International Listings," Journal of Accounting Research, Wiley Blackwell, vol. 46(2), pages 383-425, May.
    24. Mark H. Lang, 2008. "Discussion of Regulation and Bonding: The Sarbanes‐Oxley Act and the Flow of International Listings," Journal of Accounting Research, Wiley Blackwell, vol. 46(2), pages 427-433, May.

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    JEL classification:

    • F30 - International Economics - - International Finance - - - General
    • G15 - Financial Economics - - General Financial Markets - - - International Financial Markets
    • G34 - Financial Economics - - Corporate Finance and Governance - - - Mergers; Acquisitions; Restructuring; Corporate Governance

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