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Les pauvres, la démocratie et le Marché : une analyse à partir de trois séries d’enquêtes auprès de la population malgache

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  • Mireille Razafindrakoto

    (DIAL, IRD, Paris)

  • François Roubaud

    (DIAL, IRD, Paris)

Abstract

(english) This paper presents an analysis of the attitudes of the poor towards the double – political (democratisation) and economic (liberalisation) – transition process in which many developing countries are engaged today. The most common belief to explain the difficulty to implement democracy and market economy relies on the idea that people, especially the poor, have a tendency to resist any reforms. According to this theory, their reluctance is due to their lack of instruction. Our findings, drawn on a series of three detailed surveys conducted in 1995, 1998 and 2003 in the capital of Madagascar, show a negative relationship between the level of poverty and the support to market economy, which is not only conditioned by the deprivation of education. But, on the contrary, the poor are strongly in favour of democracy as the rest of the population. This finding invalidates the hypothesis of a systematic resistance of the poor to change and innovation. The state, in spite of its shortcomings, is considered to be more capable of guaranteeing the equality of opportunities than the market. Finally, those marginalised in politics and the victims of the malfunctions of some institutions tend to have less confidence in the state and to be against democracy. Then, in order to consolidate the democratic process, state institutions must be reinforced to be more reliable, efficient and able to guarantee that the democratic principles are effectively applied. _________________________________ (français) Cette étude propose une analyse de l’attitude des pauvres face au processus de double transition – politique (démocratisation) et économique (libéralisation) – dans lequel la majorité des pays en développement est actuellement engagée. La thèse la plus couramment avancée postule que les difficultés pour instaurer la démocratie et l’économie de marché résultent de l’attitude de la population, en particulier des pauvres. Les réticences de ces derniers face aux réformes s’expliqueraient par leur faible niveau d’instruction. Nos résultats, basés sur une série de trois enquêtes très détaillées réalisées en 1995, 1998 et 2003 dans la capitale malgache, montrent qu’effectivement, il existe une relation négative entre le niveau de pauvreté et l’adhésion aux principes de l’économie du marché qui ne se réduit pas à un manque d’éducation. L’État, malgré ses déficiences, est considéré comme plus susceptible d’assurer l’objectif d’équité que le marché. En revanche, les pauvres ne se démarquent pas du reste de la population par un moindre soutien aux valeurs démocratiques, ce qui infirme la thèse d’une forme de conservatisme des plus démunis qui se traduirait par une appréhension de la nouveauté ou du changement. Enfin, les exclus de la vie politique et les victimes des dysfonctionnements des institutions tendent à manifester une défiance vis-à-vis de l’État et à se positionner du côté des antidémocrates. La consolidation du processus démocratique est donc conditionnée par l’existence d’institutions étatiques dignes de confiance, efficaces et capables d’assurer l’application effective des principes démocratiques.

Suggested Citation

  • Mireille Razafindrakoto & François Roubaud, 2004. "Les pauvres, la démocratie et le Marché : une analyse à partir de trois séries d’enquêtes auprès de la population malgache," Working Papers DT/2004/07, DIAL (Développement, Institutions et Mondialisation).
  • Handle: RePEc:dia:wpaper:dt200407
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    References listed on IDEAS

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    1. Daniel Kaufmann & Aart Kraay, 2002. "Growth without Governance," Economía Journal, The Latin American and Caribbean Economic Association - LACEA, vol. 0(Fall 2002), pages 169-230, August.
    2. Javier Herrera & François Roubaud, 2003. "Dynamique de la pauvreté urbaine au Pérou et à Madagascar 1997-1999: une analyse sur données de panel," Working Papers DT/2003/03, DIAL (Développement, Institutions et Mondialisation).
    3. repec:bla:rdevec:v:6:y:2002:i:2:p:151-62 is not listed on IDEAS
    4. Bratton, Michael & Mattes, Robert, 2003. "Support for Economic Reform? Popular Attitudes in Southern Africa," World Development, Elsevier, vol. 31(2), pages 303-323, February.
    5. Ravallion, Martin & Lokshin, Michael, 1999. "Subjective economic welfare," Policy Research Working Paper Series 2106, The World Bank.
    6. Carol Graham & Stefano Pettinato, 2001. "Happiness, Markets, and Democracy: Latin America in Comparative Perspective," Journal of Happiness Studies, Springer, vol. 2(3), pages 237-268, September.
    7. Sahn, David E. & Stifel, David C., 2000. "Poverty Comparisons Over Time and Across Countries in Africa," World Development, Elsevier, vol. 28(12), pages 2123-2155, December.
    8. repec:dau:papers:123456789/5203 is not listed on IDEAS
    9. Jagdish N. Bhagwati, 2002. "Democracy and Development: Cruel Dilemma or Symbiotic Relationship?," Review of Development Economics, Wiley Blackwell, vol. 6(2), pages 151-162, June.
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    1. repec:dau:papers:123456789/4394 is not listed on IDEAS
    2. repec:dau:papers:123456789/4348 is not listed on IDEAS
    3. Mireille Razafindrakoto & François Roubaud, 2015. "The Governance, Peace and Security modules of the Strategy for the Harmonisation of Statistics in Africa (GPS-SHaSA): development of an innovative statistical survey methodology," Working Papers DT/2015/20, DIAL (Développement, Institutions et Mondialisation).

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