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Eficiencia, Equidad y Reestructuración Sectorial del Gasto Público Social

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  • Carlos Eduardo Vélez E.

Abstract

Es muy arriesgado suponer que la distribución sectorial del gasto público social corriente en los países en desarrollo es socialmente óptima. No obstante, sería también insensato pretender alterar completamente –y en el corto plazo- su distribución intersectorial con base en un análisis normativo. A partir de un statu quo subóptimo y siguiendo la idea básica de la teoría de la reforma impositiva, se puede preguntar por los cambios que en el margen rinden los mayores retornos en términos de bienestar social. Esto es, en seleccionar el sector o los sectores donde se pueden lograr mayores incrementos de utilidad para cambios marginales del gasto. El presente artículo busca contestar esta pregunta con base en un modelo estático de dos sectores sociales -salud y educación- donde existe provisión tanto pública como privada y una población diferenciada por clases de ingreso. Se pretende utilizar la asignación intersectorial del consumo de servicios sociales por parte de los individuos de ingresos medios y altos como señales de eficiencia para la asignación del gasto público marginal. El análisis permite derivar la asignación intersectorial óptima del gasto social adicional y, además, el sector prioritario para incrementar el servicio debe contar inicialmente con la mayor diferencia relativa de probabilidad de acceso entre los grupos de altos y bajos ingresos. Aplicando estos criterios al caso colombiano se encuentra que -si se controlan los costos unitarios de los servicios- se pueden lograr metas ambiciosas de cobertura con expansiones marginales del gasto que requerirían esfuerzos fiscales moderados y traerían consigo reducciones de la desigualdad con un mayor impacto marginal al observado para el gasto social corriente en 1992. Además, los sectores donde se requieren acciones mas urgentes son en su orden cuidado al menor, salud, secundaria y primaria. No obstante -en el mediano plazo- una vez resueltos el grueso de los problemas en la educación primaria, el sector prioritario sería secundaria.

Suggested Citation

  • Carlos Eduardo Vélez E., 1997. "Eficiencia, Equidad y Reestructuración Sectorial del Gasto Público Social," Borradores de Economia 2446, Banco de la Republica.
    • Handle: RePEc:col:000094:002446
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    References listed on IDEAS

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    1. Carlos Eduardo Vélez, 1994. "La magnitud y la incidencia del gasto público social en Colombia," Coyuntura Social 13231, Fedesarrollo.
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    Cited by:

    1. Blanca Monica Panqueva B., 1998. "La Eficiencia En La Asignación Del Gasto Público Local:Servicios Públicos En Manizales Y Caldas," Borradores de Economia 2993, Banco de la Republica.
    2. Eduardo Wiesner, 2008. "The Political Economy of Macroeconomic Policy Reform in Latin America," Books, Edward Elgar Publishing, number 12913.

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