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Principal Components and the Long Run

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  • Xiaohong Chen
  • Lars Peter Hansen
  • Jos´e A. Scheinkman

Abstract

We investigate a method for extracting nonlinear principal components. These principal components maximize variation subject to smoothness and orthogonality constraints; but we allow for a general class of constraints and densities, including densities without compact support and even densities with algebraic tails. We provide primitive sufficient conditions for the existence of these principal components. We also characterize the limiting behavior of the associated eigenvalues, the objects used to quantify the incremental importance of the principal components. By exploiting the theory of continuous-time, reversible Markov processes, we give a different interpretation of the principal components and the smoothness constraints. When the diffusion matrix is used to enforce smoothness, the principal components maximize long-run variation relative to the overall variation subject to orthogonality constraints. Moreover, the principal components behave as scalar autoregressions with heteroskedastic innovations. Finally, we explore implications for a more general class of stationary, multivariate diffusion processes.
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Suggested Citation

  • Xiaohong Chen & Lars Peter Hansen & Jos´e A. Scheinkman, 2005. "Principal Components and the Long Run," Levine's Bibliography 122247000000000997, UCLA Department of Economics.
    • Handle: RePEc:cla:levrem:122247000000000997
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    File URL: http://www.princeton.edu/~joses/wp/Principal_comp.pdf
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    References listed on IDEAS

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    1. MEDDAHI, Nour, 2001. "An Eigenfunction Approach for Volatility Modeling," Cahiers de recherche 2001-29, Universite de Montreal, Departement de sciences economiques.
    2. Hansen, Lars Peter & Alexandre Scheinkman, Jose & Touzi, Nizar, 1998. "Spectral methods for identifying scalar diffusions," Journal of Econometrics, Elsevier, vol. 86(1), pages 1-32, June.
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    4. Torben G. Andersen & Tim Bollerslev & Nour Meddahi, 2004. "Analytical Evaluation Of Volatility Forecasts," International Economic Review, Department of Economics, University of Pennsylvania and Osaka University Institute of Social and Economic Research Association, vol. 45(4), pages 1079-1110, November.
    5. Darolles, Serge & Florens, Jean-Pierre & Gourieroux, Christian, 2004. "Kernel-based nonlinear canonical analysis and time reversibility," Journal of Econometrics, Elsevier, vol. 119(2), pages 323-353, April.
    6. Serge Darolles & Jean-Pierre Florens & Christian Gourieroux, 2004. "Kernel-based nonlinear canonical analysis and time reversibility," Post-Print halshs-00678062, HAL.
    7. Florens, Jean-Pierre & Renault, Eric & Touzi, Nizar, 1998. "Testing For Embeddability By Stationary Reversible Continuous-Time Markov Processes," Econometric Theory, Cambridge University Press, vol. 14(6), pages 744-769, December.
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    Citations

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    Cited by:

    1. Chen, Xiaohong & Hansen, Lars Peter & Carrasco, Marine, 2010. "Nonlinearity and temporal dependence," Journal of Econometrics, Elsevier, vol. 155(2), pages 155-169, April.
    2. Nour Meddahi, 2002. "A theoretical comparison between integrated and realized volatility," Journal of Applied Econometrics, John Wiley & Sons, Ltd., vol. 17(5), pages 479-508.
    3. Escanciano, Juan Carlos & Hoderlein, Stefan & Lewbel, Arthur & Linton, Oliver & Srisuma, Sorawoot, 2021. "Nonparametric Euler Equation Identification And Estimation," Econometric Theory, Cambridge University Press, vol. 37(5), pages 851-891, October.
    4. Dennis Kristensen, 2007. "Nonparametric Estimation and Misspecification Testing of Diffusion Models," CREATES Research Papers 2007-01, Department of Economics and Business Economics, Aarhus University.
    5. Meddahi, N., 2001. "An Eigenfunction Approach for Volatility Modeling," Cahiers de recherche 2001-29, Centre interuniversitaire de recherche en économie quantitative, CIREQ.
    6. Christian Bontemps & Nour Meddahi, 2012. "Testing distributional assumptions: A GMM aproach," Journal of Applied Econometrics, John Wiley & Sons, Ltd., vol. 27(6), pages 978-1012, September.
    7. Kristensen, Dennis, 2010. "Pseudo-maximum likelihood estimation in two classes of semiparametric diffusion models," Journal of Econometrics, Elsevier, vol. 156(2), pages 239-259, June.
    8. Kristensen, Dennis, 2011. "Semi-nonparametric estimation and misspecification testing of diffusion models," Journal of Econometrics, Elsevier, vol. 164(2), pages 382-403, October.
    9. Thibaut Lamadon & Elena Manresa & Stephane Bonhomme, 2016. "Discretizing Unobserved Heterogeneity," 2016 Meeting Papers 1536, Society for Economic Dynamics.
    10. Lars Peter Hansen & José A. Scheinkman, 2009. "Long-Term Risk: An Operator Approach," Econometrica, Econometric Society, vol. 77(1), pages 177-234, January.
    11. Chorowski, Jakub & Trabs, Mathias, 2016. "Spectral estimation for diffusions with random sampling times," Stochastic Processes and their Applications, Elsevier, vol. 126(10), pages 2976-3008.
    12. Liang Chen & Juan J. Dolado & Jesús Gonzalo, 2021. "Quantile Factor Models," Econometrica, Econometric Society, vol. 89(2), pages 875-910, March.
    13. Andersen, Torben G. & Bollerslev, Tim & Meddahi, Nour, 2011. "Realized volatility forecasting and market microstructure noise," Journal of Econometrics, Elsevier, vol. 160(1), pages 220-234, January.
    14. Nour Meddahi, 2003. "ARMA representation of integrated and realized variances," Econometrics Journal, Royal Economic Society, vol. 6(2), pages 335-356, December.
    15. Meddahi, Nour & Renault, Eric, 2004. "Temporal aggregation of volatility models," Journal of Econometrics, Elsevier, vol. 119(2), pages 355-379, April.
    16. Bontemps, Christian & Meddahi, Nour, 2005. "Testing normality: a GMM approach," Journal of Econometrics, Elsevier, vol. 124(1), pages 149-186, January.
    17. Torben G. Andersen & Tim Bollerslev & Nour Meddahi, 2004. "Analytical Evaluation Of Volatility Forecasts," International Economic Review, Department of Economics, University of Pennsylvania and Osaka University Institute of Social and Economic Research Association, vol. 45(4), pages 1079-1110, November.
    18. Qi Li & Jeffrey Scott Racine, 2006. "Nonparametric Econometrics: Theory and Practice," Economics Books, Princeton University Press, edition 1, volume 1, number 8355.
    19. Bu, Ruijun & Hadri, Kaddour & Kristensen, Dennis, 2021. "Diffusion copulas: Identification and estimation," Journal of Econometrics, Elsevier, vol. 221(2), pages 616-643.
    20. Strauch, Claudia, 2015. "Sharp adaptive drift estimation for ergodic diffusions: The multivariate case," Stochastic Processes and their Applications, Elsevier, vol. 125(7), pages 2562-2602.
    21. Corradi, Valentina & Swanson, Norman R., 2005. "Bootstrap specification tests for diffusion processes," Journal of Econometrics, Elsevier, vol. 124(1), pages 117-148, January.
    22. Nour Meddahi, 2002. "ARMA Representation of Two-Factor Models," CIRANO Working Papers 2002s-92, CIRANO.
    23. Hansen, Lars Peter & Szőke, Bálint & Han, Lloyd S. & Sargent, Thomas J., 2020. "Twisted probabilities, uncertainty, and prices," Journal of Econometrics, Elsevier, vol. 216(1), pages 151-174.
    24. Gorodnichenko, Yuriy & Ng, Serena, 2017. "Level and volatility factors in macroeconomic data," Journal of Monetary Economics, Elsevier, vol. 91(C), pages 52-68.
    25. Christian Gouriéroux & Eric Renault & Pascale Valery, 2007. "Diffusion Processes with Polynomial Eigenfunctions," Annals of Economics and Statistics, GENES, issue 85, pages 115-130.

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