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De l'efficacité des dépenses fiscales pour l'achat d'actions : le cas du régime d'épargne-actions du Québec

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  • Cécile Carpentier
  • Jean-Marc Suret

Abstract

The Quebec Stock Savings Plan (QSSP) is one of the oldest tax expenditures programs put in place by the Quebec government to capitalize small businesses. Subsequently adopted by other provinces, QSSP is primarily intended to increase the demand for newly issued shares of small businesses. This increase should, in turn, boost the share price and lower the cost of equity for small firms. While it has been in force for 25 years in Quebec, evidence of the effectiveness of this program is sparse. This paper contains an empirical examination of this program that determines whether it constitutes an effective means of financing emerging companies. We concisely analyze the arguments in favor of this tax expenditures program, and summarize its evolution and findings of earlier studies. We observe that the QSSP has been frequently modified, and that the target companies were successively large, small, and medium-sized firms and funds (Part 1). Our conceptual analysis of the rationale and the required success conditions for this program clarifies the reasons for these adjustments and failures (Part 2). We show that several conditions must be met to significantly decrease the issuers' equity cost. The issue should be sold mainly in Quebec to individual investors, and it should be an initial public offering. Seasoned offerings are sold at market price, and the investor is the only beneficiary of the program. The same situation prevails when the shares are sold to non-taxable investors, or to non-Quebec residents. In terms of public policy, these conditions can be met only by small companies, which launch IPOs modest enough to be sold entirely to individual investors in Quebec. In the third section of the paper, we analyze the QSSP issues from 1992 to 2002, and show that few of these issues satisfied the efficiency conditions of the program. As designed in 1992, the program should mainly benefit investors rather than issuers, because the stock issues are sold largely outside of the province to non-eligible investors, who do not qualify for the credit. Seasoned issues now predominate. As the price of these issues is set by the market, a significant effect on the financing cost is unlikely. Although the QSSP might have increased the demand for securities and have permitted issues which would not be realizable without the program, the extremely high issuing activity across the provinces casts doubt on this argument. The QSSP funds mainly own shares of large corporations. Based on the proportion of capital of small emerging companies held in the funds, the funds' effect on small firm finance is probably insignificant, and incurs a high cost for the government. Given the efficiency conditions of the QSSP program, a significant effect of the program on the equity cost of growing companies is currently unlikely. To conclude, we propose some research avenues that could confirm the indirect evidence presented in our paper. Le Régime d'épargne-actions du Québec (RÉAQ) est l'un des plus anciens programmes de dépenses fiscales mis en place par le gouvernement pour capitaliser les petites entreprises. Ce programme a été étudié puis instauré dans deux autres provinces. Son principal objectif est d'augmenter la demande de titres nouvellement émis. Cette augmentation de la demande provoque normalement une augmentation du prix des titres, ce qui diminue le coût des fonds propres. Bien qu'implanté depuis 25 ans, il existe peu d'analyses de l'efficacité du RÉAQ. Dans le cadre de la présente étude, nous étudions conceptuellement puis empiriquement ce programme, pour déterminer s'il constitue un moyen efficace d'aide au financement des entreprises en croissance. Nous examinons brièvement les arguments utilisés pour justifier ce programme, puis résumons son évolution et les résultats des études antérieures. Il ressort que le RÉAQ a été très fréquemment modifié, et que les entreprises visées ont été successivement les grandes, les petites puis les moyennes entreprises, ainsi que les fonds d'investissement (Partie 1). Notre analyse conceptuelle de la rationalité et des conditions de succès de ce type de programme permet de comprendre les raisons de ces ajustements successifs et des problèmes vécus par le programme (Partie 2). Nous montrons que plusieurs conditions doivent être réunies pour obtenir une diminution significative du coût des fonds propres des émetteurs. L'émission doit être vendue intégralement ou presque au Québec, à des investisseurs individuels et constituer un premier appel public à l'épargne. Les émissions subséquentes sont en effet vendues au prix du marché, et l'investisseur est dans ce cas le seul bénéficiaire du crédit d'impôt. La même situation prévaut si les actions sont vendues à des investisseurs non imposables, ou à des non-résidents du Québec. Seules de petites entreprises, réalisant des premiers appels publics à l'épargne dont le produit brut est assez limité pour être placé entièrement au Québec, peuvent remplir les trois conditions nécessaires au succès en termes de politique publique. Dans la troisième partie, nous analysons les émissions RÉAQ entre 1992 et 2002, et montrons que peu d'entre elles satisfont aux conditions d'efficacité du programme. Tel qu'il fonctionne depuis 1992, le programme profite vraisemblablement davantage aux investisseurs qu'aux émetteurs. En effet, les émissions sont très largement vendues hors Québec à des investisseurs non admissibles, qui ne bénéficient pas du crédit. Les émissions subséquentes sont devenues majoritaires. Le prix est fixé par le marché et un effet significatif sur le coût de financement est peu probable. Il est possible cependant que le programme ait pour effet d'augmenter la demande des titres, et de permettre des émissions qui n'auraient pas lieu autrement. La très forte activité d'émission dans toutes les provinces permet de douter de cet argument. Les fonds RÉAQ détiennent principalement des actions de grandes entreprises. Sur la base des proportions détenues dans le capital de petites sociétés en croissance, il semble peu probable qu'ils jouent un rôle déterminant dans le financement de ces sociétés. Par ailleurs, cet effet est obtenu à un coût élevé pour le gouvernement. Actuellement, les conditions de fonctionnement du RÉAQ rendent peu probable un effet significatif sur le coût du capital des entreprises en croissance. Nous proposons, en conclusion, un certain nombre d'avenues de recherche qui permettraient de confirmer les preuves indirectes présentées dans cette étude.

Suggested Citation

  • Cécile Carpentier & Jean-Marc Suret, 2005. "De l'efficacité des dépenses fiscales pour l'achat d'actions : le cas du régime d'épargne-actions du Québec," CIRANO Working Papers 2005s-10, CIRANO.
  • Handle: RePEc:cir:cirwor:2005s-10
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    References listed on IDEAS

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    1. Élise Cormier & Jean-Marc Suret, 1997. "Le régime d'épargne-actions du Québec : Vue d'ensemble et évaluation," CIRANO Working Papers 97s-16, CIRANO.
    2. Fama, Eugene F. & French, Kenneth R., 2004. "New lists: Fundamentals and survival rates," Journal of Financial Economics, Elsevier, vol. 73(2), pages 229-269, August.
    3. Mola, Simona & Loughran, Tim, 2004. "Discounting and Clustering in Seasoned Equity Offering Prices," Journal of Financial and Quantitative Analysis, Cambridge University Press, vol. 39(1), pages 1-23, March.
    4. Josh Lerner, 2002. "When Bureaucrats Meet Entrepreneurs: The Design of Effective "Public Venture Capital" Programmes," Economic Journal, Royal Economic Society, vol. 112(477), pages 73-84, February.
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