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Analyse multicritère : Étude de comparaison des méthodes existantes en vue d'une application en analyse de cycle de vie

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  • Renaud Caillet

Abstract

Life cycle analysis is an environmental concept that is more and more applied in companies that take care of environment. It does not replace environmental laws, but it gives managers a mean to compare different alternatives (which can be goods, processes, services, etc.). Lately this concept has been integrated in environmental ISO norms. However it is still a subject where research is quite active (definition of impacts, weighting, etc. ). One problem for life cycle analysis is to combine the different indicators and aggregate them, to get a ranking of all the alternatives. Multicriteria analysis is an older concept , but its framework fits the methodology of life cycle analysis. Moreover it is also a tool for managers to select an alternative. Many methods have been proposed to aggregate the performances of an alternative relatively to a criterion. The first two parts consist in a presentation of some multicriteria decision making methods, and a brief presentation of life cycle analysis. Then we evaluate what could multicriteria analysis bring to life cycle analysis, and what are the obstacles for the application of multicriteria analysis to life cycle analysis. The basic idea is to apply multicriteria analysis to life cycle analysis. Some papers have already been written, proposing rules to get coherent criteria, etc. But among the many existing multicriteria methods, we still don't know which one to choose. There are many ways to aggregate indicators and the multicriteria method chosen should be evaluated on some points : is it compensatory ?, does it provide a real number as a result ?, etc. We think that there is no unique method which can be applied to all problems, but we should certainly choose the most suitable method for a specific problem or context. In this paper some methods will be evaluated with their associated softwares, using life cycle analysis data. L'analyse de cycle de vie est un concept environnemental de plus en plus appliqué dans le monde de l'entreprise. Il ne remplace pas les normes environnementales, mais donne aux décideurs un moyen de comparer différentes solutions possibles (qui peuvent être des processus, des biens, des services, etc.). Il y a peu, ce concept a fait l'objet de normes environnementales ISO. Cependant, l'analyse de cycle de vie est toujours un domaine où la recherche est active (définition des impacts, pondération, etc.). Notamment, un des problèmes de l'analyse de cycle de vie est de combiner les différents indicateurs, de les agréger et d'en déduire un classement des solutions possibles. L'analyse multicritère est un concept plus vieux, mais sa structure est équivalente à celle de l'analyse de cycle de vie. De plus, c'est aussi un outil pour des décideurs, permettant de sélectionner une solution. De nombreuses méthodes ont été proposées pour agréger les performances de chacune des solutions relativement à chacun des critères. Les deux premières parties de ce papier sont une présentation de quelques unes des principales méthodes d'analyse multicritère; ainsi qu'une brève introduction à l'analyse de cycle de vie. Nous évaluons ensuite quels pourraient être les apports de l'analyse multicritère à l'analyse de cycle de vie, et quels en seraient les obstacles. L'idée de base est d'appliquer l'analyse multicritère à l'analyse de cycle de vie. Quelques papiers ont déjà été écrits en ce sens, proposant des règles pour construire une famille cohérente de critères, etc. Mais parmi les nombreuses méthodes multicritère, nous ne savons toujours pas laquelle choisir. Il y a bien des façons d'agréger des indicateurs, et la méthode d'analyse multicritère devrait être évaluée selon plusieurs points : est-elle compensatoire ?, fournit-elle un résultat numérique ?, etc. Nous pensons qu'il n'y a pas de méthode unique, applicable à tous les problèmes. On devrait certainement choisir la méthode la plus adaptée à un problème et un contexte spécifique. Ce papier évalue également certaines méthodes à l'aide de leurs logiciels associés, en implémentant des données d'analyse de cycle de vie.

Suggested Citation

  • Renaud Caillet, 2003. "Analyse multicritère : Étude de comparaison des méthodes existantes en vue d'une application en analyse de cycle de vie," CIRANO Working Papers 2003s-53, CIRANO.
  • Handle: RePEc:cir:cirwor:2003s-53
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