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Energy shocks as Keynesian supply shocks: implications for fiscal policy

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  • Enisse Kharroubi
  • Frank Smets

Abstract

This paper analyses the economic impact of and the optimal policy response to energy supply shocks in a flexible price model with heterogeneous households. We introduce energy as a consumption good on the demand side and as an input to production on the supply side. A distinguishing feature is that, in line with empirical evidence, we allow households' energy demand to be non-homothetic. The model provides three main insights. First, (negative) energy supply shocks act as a (negative) demand shock, or Keynesian supply shock, when three conditions are met: (i) household income heterogeneity is intermediate, neither too high nor too low; (ii) the fraction of poor and credit-constrained households is high and (iii) competition between firms is strong enough. Second, implementing the first-best allocation requires subsidising the poor and taxing the rich, and more so when the economy faces a negative energy shock. Last, issuing public debt can be part of the optimal policy response to a negative energy shock, if the shock is large and the economy's overall energy intensity is low.

Suggested Citation

  • Enisse Kharroubi & Frank Smets, 2023. "Energy shocks as Keynesian supply shocks: implications for fiscal policy," BIS Working Papers 1120, Bank for International Settlements.
  • Handle: RePEc:bis:biswps:1120
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    1. Chan, Jenny & Diz, Sebastian & Kanngiesser, Derrick, 2024. "Energy prices and household heterogeneity: Monetary policy in a Gas-TANK," Journal of Monetary Economics, Elsevier, vol. 147(S).
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    6. Peersman, Gert & Wauters, Joris, 2024. "Heterogeneous household responses to energy price shocks," Energy Economics, Elsevier, vol. 132(C).
    7. Bodenstein, Martin & Erceg, Christopher J. & Guerrieri, Luca, 2008. "Optimal monetary policy with distinct core and headline inflation rates," Journal of Monetary Economics, Elsevier, vol. 55(Supplemen), pages 18-33, October.
    8. Nils Gornemann & Sebastian Hildebrand & Keith Kuester, 2022. "Limited Energy Supply, Sunspots, and Monetary Policy," ECONtribute Discussion Papers Series 215, University of Bonn and University of Cologne, Germany.
    9. Adrien Auclert & Hugo Monnery & Matthew Rognlie & Ludwig Straub, 2023. "Managing an Energy Shock: Fiscal and Monetary Policy," NBER Working Papers 31543, National Bureau of Economic Research, Inc.
    10. Rajeev Dhawan & Karsten Jeske, 2008. "Energy Price Shocks and the Macroeconomy: The Role of Consumer Durables," Journal of Money, Credit and Banking, Blackwell Publishing, vol. 40(7), pages 1357-1377, October.
    11. Michael Gelman & Yuriy Gorodnichenko & Shachar Kariv & Dmitri Koustas & Matthew D. Shapiro & Dan Silverman & Steven Tadelis, 2023. "The Response of Consumer Spending to Changes in Gasoline Prices," American Economic Journal: Macroeconomics, American Economic Association, vol. 15(2), pages 129-160, April.
    12. Mr. Benjamin L Hunt, 2005. "Oil Price Shocks: Can they Account for the Stagflation in the 1970's?," IMF Working Papers 2005/215, International Monetary Fund.
    13. Kim, In-Moo & Loungani, Prakash, 1992. "The role of energy in real business cycle models," Journal of Monetary Economics, Elsevier, vol. 29(2), pages 173-189, April.
    14. Diego R. Känzig, 2021. "The Macroeconomic Effects of Oil Supply News: Evidence from OPEC Announcements," American Economic Review, American Economic Association, vol. 111(4), pages 1092-1125, April.
    15. Mr. Anil Ari & Mr. Nicolas Arregui & Mr. Simon Black & Oya Celasun & Ms. Dora M Iakova & Ms. Aiko Mineshima & Mr. Victor Mylonas & Ian W.H. Parry & Iulia Teodoru & Karlygash Zhunussova, 2022. "Surging Energy Prices in Europe in the Aftermath of the War: How to Support the Vulnerable and Speed up the Transition Away from Fossil Fuels," IMF Working Papers 2022/152, International Monetary Fund.
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    Cited by:

    1. Chan, Jenny & Diz, Sebastian & Kanngiesser, Derrick, 2024. "Energy prices and household heterogeneity: Monetary policy in a Gas-TANK," Journal of Monetary Economics, Elsevier, vol. 147(S).
    2. Gornemann, Nils & Hildebrand, Sebastian & Kuester, Keith, 2024. "Limited (energy) supply, monetary policy, and sunspots," European Economic Review, Elsevier, vol. 168(C).
    3. Nils Gornemann & Sebastian Hildebrand & Keith Kuester, 2022. "Limited Energy Supply, Sunspots, and Monetary Policy," ECONtribute Discussion Papers Series 215, University of Bonn and University of Cologne, Germany.
    4. Colciago, Andrea & Priftis, Romanos & Chafwehé, Boris, 2024. "Reallocation, productivity, and monetary policy in an energy crisis," Working Paper Series 2961, European Central Bank.
    5. Peersman, Gert & Wauters, Joris, 2024. "Heterogeneous household responses to energy price shocks," Energy Economics, Elsevier, vol. 132(C).
    6. Pablo Garcia & Pascal Jacquinot & ÄŒrt LenarÄ iÄ & Kostas Mavromatis & Niki Papadopoulou & Niki Papadopoulou, 2024. "Green Transition in the Euro Area: Domestic and Global Factors," Working Papers 816, DNB.
    7. Efrem Castelnuovo & Lorenzo Mori & Gert Peersman, "undated". "Commodity Price Shocks and Global Cycles: Monetary Policy Matters," "Marco Fanno" Working Papers 0311, Dipartimento di Scienze Economiche "Marco Fanno".
    8. Segarra, Ignacio & Atanasova, Christina & Figuerola-Ferretti, Isabel, 2024. "Electricity markets regulations: The financial impact of the global energy crisis," Journal of International Financial Markets, Institutions and Money, Elsevier, vol. 93(C).
    9. Bazzana, Davide & Rizzati, Massimiliano & Ciola, Emanuele & Turco, Enrico & Vergalli, Sergio, 2024. "Warming the MATRIX: Uncertainty and heterogeneity in climate change impacts and policy targets in the Euro Area," Energy Economics, Elsevier, vol. 134(C).

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    More about this item

    Keywords

    energy shocks; non-homothetic demand; heterogeneous households; fiscal policy; public debt;
    All these keywords.

    JEL classification:

    • D31 - Microeconomics - - Distribution - - - Personal Income and Wealth Distribution
    • E21 - Macroeconomics and Monetary Economics - - Consumption, Saving, Production, Employment, and Investment - - - Consumption; Saving; Wealth
    • E32 - Macroeconomics and Monetary Economics - - Prices, Business Fluctuations, and Cycles - - - Business Fluctuations; Cycles
    • E62 - Macroeconomics and Monetary Economics - - Macroeconomic Policy, Macroeconomic Aspects of Public Finance, and General Outlook - - - Fiscal Policy; Modern Monetary Theory
    • H3 - Public Economics - - Fiscal Policies and Behavior of Economic Agents

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