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Regla fiscal y estabilidad macroeconómica en Colombia

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  • Carlos Gustavo Cano

Abstract

Las economías emergentes más dependientes del sector minero-energético, enfrentan el riesgo de que, a medida que aumente la participación de este último dentro del PIB, el crecimiento de su gasto público llegue a desbordarse y adquiera connotaciones cada vez más pro-cíclicas, menguándose por tanto su función estabilizadora de la economía. De otra parte, en la medida en que las entradas de capital destinadas a financiar la inversión en dichas actividades predominen sobre el resto, y, como resultado, de la misma forma y proporción evolucionen los ingresos por sus exportaciones, se podrían provocar fuertes presiones sobre la revaluación de la moneda local y el consiguiente debilitamiento de la competitividad de los sectores transables como la agricultura y la industria, configurándose de ese modo síntomas de la denominada ‘enfermedad holandesa’. En el presente artículo se propone para el caso de Colombia, como medida mitigante de dichos riesgos, la adopción de una regla fiscal que apunte, en primer término, hacia el desacoplamiento de los gastos del gobierno respecto de la volatilidad de los ingresos públicos proveniente de los ciclos de las actividades minero-energéticas. En segundo lugar, a la reducción de la proporción de la deuda pública dentro del PIB hasta niveles no superiores a los de los países que ostentan la calificación de ‘grado de inversión’. Y, a renglón seguido, a la creación de un fondo de estabilización mediante el cual se ahorren en inversiones en el exterior los excedentes de las cuentas externas del sector minero-energético durante épocas de ‘vacas gordas’, adoptando cláusulas de salida que le permitan al gobierno enfrentar de modo contra-cíclico las fases recesivas y de precios declinantes de sus productos, en especial petróleo y carbón. A manera de ilustración, se describen los casos de Noruega y Chile. Y, finalmente, se formulan algunas observaciones y recomendaciones complementarias.

Suggested Citation

  • Carlos Gustavo Cano, 2010. "Regla fiscal y estabilidad macroeconómica en Colombia," Borradores de Economia 607, Banco de la Republica de Colombia.
  • Handle: RePEc:bdr:borrec:607
    DOI: 10.32468/be.607
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    References listed on IDEAS

    as
    1. Carmen M. Reinhart. & Vicent R. Reinhart, 1991. "Fluctuaciones del producto y choques monetarios: evidencia colombiana," Revista ESPE - Ensayos Sobre Política Económica, Banco de la República, vol. 10(20), pages 53-85, December.
    2. Guillermo A. Calvo & Leonardo Leiderman & Carmen M. Reinhart, 1993. "Capital Inflows and Real Exchange Rate Appreciation in Latin America: The Role of External Factors," IMF Staff Papers, Palgrave Macmillan, vol. 40(1), pages 108-151, March.
    3. Carmen M. Reinhart. & Vicent R. Reinhart, 1991. "Fluctuaciones del producto y choques monetarios: evidencia colombiana," Revista ESPE - Ensayos sobre Política Económica, Banco de la Republica de Colombia, vol. 10(20), pages 53-85, December.
    4. Kareem Ismail, 2010. "The Structural Manifestation of the ‘Dutch Disease’: The Case of Oil Exporting Countries," IMF Working Papers 2010/103, International Monetary Fund.
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    More about this item

    Keywords

    Sector minero-energético; regla fiscal; estabilidad macroeconómica; tasa de cambio; ‘enfermedad holandesa’; política fiscal contra-cíclica; fondo de estabilización.;
    All these keywords.

    JEL classification:

    • E52 - Macroeconomics and Monetary Economics - - Monetary Policy, Central Banking, and the Supply of Money and Credit - - - Monetary Policy
    • E62 - Macroeconomics and Monetary Economics - - Macroeconomic Policy, Macroeconomic Aspects of Public Finance, and General Outlook - - - Fiscal Policy; Modern Monetary Theory
    • H20 - Public Economics - - Taxation, Subsidies, and Revenue - - - General
    • H5 - Public Economics - - National Government Expenditures and Related Policies

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