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Tasa de Cambio Real e Inversión. La Experiencia de 1990-1996

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  • Andrés Felipe Arias
  • Hernando Zuleta

Abstract

La economía colombiana ha venido experimentando un fuerte proceso de apreciación real en lo que va corrido de los noventas. En efecto, tomando un índice del tipo de cambio real definido como la relación entre el precio de los bienes transables y el precio de los bienes no transables se evidencia que el tipo de cambio colombiano se apreció un 23.45% en términos reales durante el período especificado y tomando el ITCR, definido por el Banco de la República, el proceso de apreciación real entre principios de 1990 y el final de 1996 fue de aproximadamente 17%. El principal objetivo del presente trabajo es brindar una explicación al proceso de apreciación real a partir de los factores fundamentales del tipo de cambio para lo cual se utiliza un modelo de equilibrio intertemporal, con tres sectores. El argumento de fondo es que la mayor parte de la apreciación del tipo de cambio real obedece a choques en sus fundamentos reales y no al régimen monetario implementado por el Banco Central. En esencia, se plantea la hipótesis de que el fenómeno de apreciación es simplemente el resultado de un desplazamiento hacia abajo en la trayectoria de largo plazo o de equilibrio en el tipo de cambio real. Un factor que, a juicio de algunos analistas, resulta fundamental en la explicación de la apreciación es la devaluación nominal que se da a finales de los ochenta, la cual ubica el tipo de cambio real por encima de su nivel de equilibrio. De manera que parte de la revaluación ocurrida en los noventa no es más que la corrección de la subvaluación del peso (vía mayor inflación). Sin embargo, por las características del modelo utilizado este factor se excluye del análisis. El trabajo se divide en siete partes. La primera de ellas es esta introducción. En la segunda parte se expone lo que la literatura teórica y empírica ha presentado con respecto a los determinantes del tipo de cambio real. En la tercera parte se hace un recuento de la evolución de los diferentes modelos teóricos que incorporan el tema del tipo de cambio real(precios relativos). En la sección cuatro se expone el modelo teórico. En la quinta parte se presenta la calibración del modelo y las justificaciones a tal calibración. La sexta parte está dedicada a una exposición de los choques dados al modelo y a presentar los resultados, en términos de apreciación real, de estos choques. En la ultima parte se concluye.

Suggested Citation

  • Andrés Felipe Arias & Hernando Zuleta, 1997. "Tasa de Cambio Real e Inversión. La Experiencia de 1990-1996," Borradores de Economia 076, Banco de la Republica de Colombia.
  • Handle: RePEc:bdr:borrec:076
    DOI: 10.32468/be.76
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    Cited by:

    1. Juan José Echavarría & Diego Vásquez & Mauricio Villamizar, 2005. "La tasa de cambio real en Colombia ¿Muy lejos del equilibrio?," Revista ESPE - Ensayos sobre Política Económica, Banco de la Republica de Colombia, vol. 23(49), pages 134-191, December.
    2. Lavan Mahadeva & Javier Gómez Pineda, 2009. "The international cycle and Colombian monetary policy," Borradores de Economia 557, Banco de la Republica de Colombia.

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