IDEAS home Printed from https://ideas.repec.org/p/arx/papers/2102.03945.html
   My bibliography  Save this paper

Variational Autoencoders: A Hands-Off Approach to Volatility

Author

Listed:
  • Maxime Bergeron
  • Nicholas Fung
  • John Hull
  • Zissis Poulos

Abstract

A volatility surface is an important tool for pricing and hedging derivatives. The surface shows the volatility that is implied by the market price of an option on an asset as a function of the option's strike price and maturity. Often, market data is incomplete and it is necessary to estimate missing points on partially observed surfaces. In this paper, we show how variational autoencoders can be used for this task. The first step is to derive latent variables that can be used to construct synthetic volatility surfaces that are indistinguishable from those observed historically. The second step is to determine the synthetic surface generated by our latent variables that fits available data as closely as possible. As a dividend of our first step, the synthetic surfaces produced can also be used in stress testing, in market simulators for developing quantitative investment strategies, and for the valuation of exotic options. We illustrate our procedure and demonstrate its power using foreign exchange market data.

Suggested Citation

  • Maxime Bergeron & Nicholas Fung & John Hull & Zissis Poulos, 2021. "Variational Autoencoders: A Hands-Off Approach to Volatility," Papers 2102.03945, arXiv.org.
    • Handle: RePEc:arx:papers:2102.03945
    as

    Download full text from publisher

    File URL: http://arxiv.org/pdf/2102.03945
    File Function: Latest version
    Download Restriction: no
    ---><---

    References listed on IDEAS

    as
    1. Heston, Steven L, 1993. "A Closed-Form Solution for Options with Stochastic Volatility with Applications to Bond and Currency Options," The Review of Financial Studies, Society for Financial Studies, vol. 6(2), pages 327-343.
    2. Bates, David S, 1996. "Jumps and Stochastic Volatility: Exchange Rate Processes Implicit in Deutsche Mark Options," The Review of Financial Studies, Society for Financial Studies, vol. 9(1), pages 69-107.
    Full references (including those not matched with items on IDEAS)

    Citations

    Citations are extracted by the CitEc Project, subscribe to its RSS feed for this item.
    as


    Cited by:

    1. Magnus Wiese & Ben Wood & Alexandre Pachoud & Ralf Korn & Hans Buehler & Phillip Murray & Lianjun Bai, 2021. "Multi-Asset Spot and Option Market Simulation," Papers 2112.06823, arXiv.org.
    2. Wenyong Zhang & Lingfei Li & Gongqiu Zhang, 2021. "A Two-Step Framework for Arbitrage-Free Prediction of the Implied Volatility Surface," Papers 2106.07177, arXiv.org, revised Jan 2022.
    3. Arian, Hamid & Moghimi, Mehrdad & Tabatabaei, Ehsan & Zamani, Shiva, 2022. "Encoded Value-at-Risk: A machine learning approach for portfolio risk measurement," Mathematics and Computers in Simulation (MATCOM), Elsevier, vol. 202(C), pages 500-525.
    4. Brian Ning & Sebastian Jaimungal & Xiaorong Zhang & Maxime Bergeron, 2021. "Arbitrage-Free Implied Volatility Surface Generation with Variational Autoencoders," Papers 2108.04941, arXiv.org, revised Jan 2022.
    5. Hans Buehler & Phillip Murray & Mikko S. Pakkanen & Ben Wood, 2021. "Deep Hedging: Learning Risk-Neutral Implied Volatility Dynamics," Papers 2103.11948, arXiv.org, revised Jul 2021.
    6. S'andor Kuns'agi-M'at'e & G'abor F'ath & Istv'an Csabai & G'abor Moln'ar-S'aska, 2022. "Deep Weighted Monte Carlo: A hybrid option pricing framework using neural networks," Papers 2208.14038, arXiv.org, revised Dec 2022.

    Most related items

    These are the items that most often cite the same works as this one and are cited by the same works as this one.
    1. Peter Carr & Liuren Wu, 2014. "Static Hedging of Standard Options," Journal of Financial Econometrics, Oxford University Press, vol. 12(1), pages 3-46.
    2. Detlefsen, Kai & Härdle, Wolfgang Karl, 2006. "Forecasting the term structure of variance swaps," SFB 649 Discussion Papers 2006-052, Humboldt University Berlin, Collaborative Research Center 649: Economic Risk.
    3. Carvalho, Augusto & Guimaraes, Bernardo, 2018. "State-controlled companies and political risk: Evidence from the 2014 Brazilian election," Journal of Public Economics, Elsevier, vol. 159(C), pages 66-78.
    4. Jurczenko, Emmanuel & Maillet, Bertrand & Negrea, Bogdan, 2002. "Revisited multi-moment approximate option pricing models: a general comparison (Part 1)," LSE Research Online Documents on Economics 24950, London School of Economics and Political Science, LSE Library.
    5. Christoffersen, Peter & Heston, Steven & Jacobs, Kris, 2010. "Option Anomalies and the Pricing Kernel," Working Papers 11-17, University of Pennsylvania, Wharton School, Weiss Center.
    6. Peng He, 2012. "Option Portfolio Value At Risk Using Monte Carlo Simulation Under A Risk Neutral Stochastic Implied Volatility Model," Global Journal of Business Research, The Institute for Business and Finance Research, vol. 6(5), pages 65-72.
    7. Bollerslev, Tim & Gibson, Michael & Zhou, Hao, 2011. "Dynamic estimation of volatility risk premia and investor risk aversion from option-implied and realized volatilities," Journal of Econometrics, Elsevier, vol. 160(1), pages 235-245, January.
    8. Yeap, Claudia & Kwok, Simon S. & Choy, S. T. Boris, 2016. "A Flexible Generalised Hyperbolic Option Pricing Model and its Special Cases," Working Papers 2016-14, University of Sydney, School of Economics.
    9. Chang, Eric C. & Ren, Jinjuan & Shi, Qi, 2009. "Effects of the volatility smile on exchange settlement practices: The Hong Kong case," Journal of Banking & Finance, Elsevier, vol. 33(1), pages 98-112, January.
    10. Leonidas S. Rompolis & Elias Tzavalis, 2017. "Pricing and hedging contingent claims using variance and higher order moment swaps," Quantitative Finance, Taylor & Francis Journals, vol. 17(4), pages 531-550, April.
    11. Aït-Sahalia, Yacine & Li, Chenxu & Li, Chen Xu, 2021. "Closed-form implied volatility surfaces for stochastic volatility models with jumps," Journal of Econometrics, Elsevier, vol. 222(1), pages 364-392.
    12. Diego Amaya & Jean-François Bégin & Geneviève Gauthier, 2022. "The Informational Content of High-Frequency Option Prices," Management Science, INFORMS, vol. 68(3), pages 2166-2201, March.
    13. Dario Alitab & Giacomo Bormetti & Fulvio Corsi & Adam A. Majewski, 2019. "A realized volatility approach to option pricing with continuous and jump variance components," Decisions in Economics and Finance, Springer;Associazione per la Matematica, vol. 42(2), pages 639-664, December.
    14. Ricardo Crisóstomo, 2021. "Estimating real‐world probabilities: A forward‐looking behavioral framework," Journal of Futures Markets, John Wiley & Sons, Ltd., vol. 41(11), pages 1797-1823, November.
    15. Jaros{l}aw Gruszka & Janusz Szwabi'nski, 2023. "Portfolio Optimisation via the Heston Model Calibrated to Real Asset Data," Papers 2302.01816, arXiv.org.
    16. Christoffersen, Peter & Jacobs, Kris & Chang, Bo Young, 2013. "Forecasting with Option-Implied Information," Handbook of Economic Forecasting, in: G. Elliott & C. Granger & A. Timmermann (ed.), Handbook of Economic Forecasting, edition 1, volume 2, chapter 0, pages 581-656, Elsevier.
    17. Ammann, Manuel & Buesser, Ralf, 2013. "Variance risk premiums in foreign exchange markets," Journal of Empirical Finance, Elsevier, vol. 23(C), pages 16-32.
    18. Guégan, Dominique & Ielpo, Florian & Lalaharison, Hanjarivo, 2013. "Option pricing with discrete time jump processes," Journal of Economic Dynamics and Control, Elsevier, vol. 37(12), pages 2417-2445.
    19. Rehez Ahlip & Laurence A. F. Park & Ante Prodan, 2017. "Pricing currency options in the Heston/CIR double exponential jump-diffusion model," International Journal of Financial Engineering (IJFE), World Scientific Publishing Co. Pte. Ltd., vol. 4(01), pages 1-30, March.
    20. Siu, Tak Kuen & Yang, Hailiang & Lau, John W., 2008. "Pricing currency options under two-factor Markov-modulated stochastic volatility models," Insurance: Mathematics and Economics, Elsevier, vol. 43(3), pages 295-302, December.

    More about this item

    NEP fields

    This paper has been announced in the following NEP Reports:

    Statistics

    Access and download statistics

    Corrections

    All material on this site has been provided by the respective publishers and authors. You can help correct errors and omissions. When requesting a correction, please mention this item's handle: RePEc:arx:papers:2102.03945. See general information about how to correct material in RePEc.

    If you have authored this item and are not yet registered with RePEc, we encourage you to do it here. This allows to link your profile to this item. It also allows you to accept potential citations to this item that we are uncertain about.

    If CitEc recognized a bibliographic reference but did not link an item in RePEc to it, you can help with this form .

    If you know of missing items citing this one, you can help us creating those links by adding the relevant references in the same way as above, for each refering item. If you are a registered author of this item, you may also want to check the "citations" tab in your RePEc Author Service profile, as there may be some citations waiting for confirmation.

    For technical questions regarding this item, or to correct its authors, title, abstract, bibliographic or download information, contact: arXiv administrators (email available below). General contact details of provider: http://arxiv.org/ .

    Please note that corrections may take a couple of weeks to filter through the various RePEc services.

    IDEAS is a RePEc service. RePEc uses bibliographic data supplied by the respective publishers.