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Nonlinear Valuation under Collateral, Credit Risk and Funding Costs: A Numerical Case Study Extending Black-Scholes

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  • Damiano Brigo
  • Qing Liu
  • Andrea Pallavicini
  • David Sloth

Abstract

We develop an arbitrage-free framework for consistent valuation of derivative trades with collateralization, counterparty credit gap risk, and funding costs, following the approach first proposed by Pallavicini and co-authors in 2011. Based on the risk-neutral pricing principle, we derive a general pricing equation where Credit, Debit, Liquidity and Funding Valuation Adjustments (CVA, DVA, LVA and FVA) are introduced by simply modifying the payout cash-flows of the deal. Funding costs and specific close-out procedures at default break the bilateral nature of the deal price and render the valuation problem a non-linear and recursive one. CVA and FVA are in general not really additive adjustments, and the risk for double counting is concrete. We introduce a new adjustment, called a Non-linearity Valuation Adjustment (NVA), to address double-counting. The theoretical risk free rate disappears from our final equations. The framework can be tailored also to CCP trading under initial and variation margins, as explained in detail in Brigo and Pallavicini (2014). In particular, we allow for asymmetric collateral and funding rates, replacement close-out and re-hypothecation. The valuation equation takes the form of a backward stochastic differential equation or semi-linear partial differential equation, and can be cast as a set of iterative equations that can be solved by least-squares Monte Carlo. We propose such a simulation algorithm in a case study involving a generalization of the benchmark model of Black and Scholes for option pricing. Our numerical results confirm that funding risk has a non-trivial impact on the deal price, and that double counting matters too. We conclude the article with an analysis of large scale implications of non-linearity of the pricing equations.

Suggested Citation

  • Damiano Brigo & Qing Liu & Andrea Pallavicini & David Sloth, 2014. "Nonlinear Valuation under Collateral, Credit Risk and Funding Costs: A Numerical Case Study Extending Black-Scholes," Papers 1404.7314, arXiv.org.
    • Handle: RePEc:arx:papers:1404.7314
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    References listed on IDEAS

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    1. Carriere, Jacques F., 1996. "Valuation of the early-exercise price for options using simulations and nonparametric regression," Insurance: Mathematics and Economics, Elsevier, vol. 19(1), pages 19-30, December.
    2. Masaaki Fujii & Akihiko Takahashi, 2010. "Choice of Collateral Currency," CARF F-Series CARF-F-239, Center for Advanced Research in Finance, Faculty of Economics, The University of Tokyo.
    3. Andrea Pallavicini & Daniele Perini & Damiano Brigo, 2011. "Funding Valuation Adjustment: a consistent framework including CVA, DVA, collateral,netting rules and re-hypothecation," Papers 1112.1521, arXiv.org, revised Dec 2011.
    4. Damiano Brigo & Andrea Pallavicini & Vasileios Papatheodorou, 2011. "Arbitrage-Free Valuation Of Bilateral Counterparty Risk For Interest-Rate Products: Impact Of Volatilities And Correlations," International Journal of Theoretical and Applied Finance (IJTAF), World Scientific Publishing Co. Pte. Ltd., vol. 14(06), pages 773-802.
    5. Andrea Pallavicini & Daniele Perini & Damiano Brigo, 2012. "Funding, Collateral and Hedging: uncovering the mechanics and the subtleties of funding valuation adjustments," Papers 1210.3811, arXiv.org, revised Dec 2012.
    6. Damiano Brigo & Kyriakos Chourdakis, 2009. "Counterparty Risk For Credit Default Swaps: Impact Of Spread Volatility And Default Correlation," International Journal of Theoretical and Applied Finance (IJTAF), World Scientific Publishing Co. Pte. Ltd., vol. 12(07), pages 1007-1026.
    7. Damiano Brigo & Andrea Pallavicini, 2014. "Nonlinear consistent valuation of CCP cleared or CSA bilateral trades with initial margins under credit, funding and wrong-way risks," Journal of Financial Engineering (JFE), World Scientific Publishing Co. Pte. Ltd., vol. 1(01), pages 1-60.
    8. Longstaff, Francis A & Schwartz, Eduardo S, 2001. "Valuing American Options by Simulation: A Simple Least-Squares Approach," University of California at Los Angeles, Anderson Graduate School of Management qt43n1k4jb, Anderson Graduate School of Management, UCLA.
    9. Longstaff, Francis A & Schwartz, Eduardo S, 2001. "Valuing American Options by Simulation: A Simple Least-Squares Approach," The Review of Financial Studies, Society for Financial Studies, vol. 14(1), pages 113-147.
    10. Andrea Pallavicini & Damiano Brigo, 2013. "Interest-Rate Modelling in Collateralized Markets: Multiple curves, credit-liquidity effects, CCPs," Papers 1304.1397, arXiv.org.
    11. Damiano Brigo & Agostino Capponi & Andrea Pallavicini & Vasileios Papatheodorou, 2011. "Collateral Margining in Arbitrage-Free Counterparty Valuation Adjustment including Re-Hypotecation and Netting," Papers 1101.3926, arXiv.org.
    12. Masaaki Fujii & Akihiko Takahashi, 2010. "Choice of Collateral Currency," CIRJE F-Series CIRJE-F-778, CIRJE, Faculty of Economics, University of Tokyo.
    13. Fries, Christian P., 2010. "Discounting Revisited. Valuations under Funding Costs, Counterparty Risk and Collateralization," MPRA Paper 23082, University Library of Munich, Germany, revised 30 May 2010.
    14. Damiano Brigo & Cristin Buescu & Massimo Morini, 2012. "Counterparty Risk Pricing: Impact Of Closeout And First-To-Default Times," International Journal of Theoretical and Applied Finance (IJTAF), World Scientific Publishing Co. Pte. Ltd., vol. 15(06), pages 1-23.
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    Cited by:

    1. Wujiang Lou, 2015. "Coherent CVA and FVA with Liability Side Pricing of Derivatives," Papers 1510.07199, arXiv.org.
    2. Wujiang Lou, 2020. "Derivatives Discounting Explained," Papers 2002.08532, arXiv.org.
    3. Damiano Brigo & Cyril Durand, 2014. "An initial approach to Risk Management of Funding Costs," Papers 1410.2034, arXiv.org.
    4. Damiano Brigo & Marco Francischello & Andrea Pallavicini, 2015. "Invariance, existence and uniqueness of solutions of nonlinear valuation PDEs and FBSDEs inclusive of credit risk, collateral and funding costs," Papers 1506.00686, arXiv.org, revised Nov 2015.
    5. Junbeom Lee & Chao Zhou, 2017. "Binary Funding Impacts in Derivative Valuation," Papers 1703.00259, arXiv.org, revised Aug 2020.

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