IDEAS home Printed from https://ideas.repec.org/f/pbi215.html
   My authors  Follow this author

Zorobabel Tamoué Bicaba
(Zorobabel T. Bicaba)

Personal Details

First Name:Zorobabel
Middle Name:
Last Name:Bicaba
Suffix:
RePEc Short-ID:pbi215
Terminal Degree:2013 Paris School of Economics (from RePEc Genealogy)

Affiliation

African Development Bank

Abidjan, Côte d'Ivoire
http://www.afdb.org/
RePEc:edi:afdbgci (more details at EDIRC)

Research output

as
Jump to: Working papers Articles

Working papers

  1. Zorobabel Bicaba & Zuzana Brixiova & Mthuli Ncube, 2016. "Eliminating Extreme Poverty in Africa: Trends, Policies and the Role of International Organizations," SALDRU Working Papers 170, Southern Africa Labour and Development Research Unit, University of Cape Town.
  2. Zorobabel Bicaba & Zuzana Brixiova & Mthuli Ncube, 2015. "Working Paper - 217 - Capital Account Policies, IMF Programs and Growth in Developing Regions," Working Paper Series 2155, African Development Bank.
  3. Bicaba, Zorobabel & Brixiova, Zuzana & Ncube, Mthuli, 2015. "Capital Account Policies, IMF Programs and Growth in Developing Regions," IZA Discussion Papers 8774, Institute of Labor Economics (IZA).
  4. Coricelli, Fabrizio & Bicaba, Zorobabel T., 2015. "Learning to open up: Capital account liberalizations in the post-Bretton Woods era," CEPR Discussion Papers 10389, C.E.P.R. Discussion Papers.
  5. Zorobabel Bicaba & Zuzana Brixiova & Mthuli Ncube, 2015. "Working Paper 223 - Eliminating Extreme Poverty in Africa: Trends, Policies and the Role of International Organizations," Working Paper Series 2163, African Development Bank.
  6. Mthuli Ncube & Basil Jones, 2014. "Working Paper 197 - Estimating the Economic Cost of Fragility in Africa," Working Paper Series 2105, African Development Bank.
  7. Zuzana Brixiova & Mthuli Ncube, 2014. "Working Paper 204 - Skills and Youth Entrepreneurship in Africa: Analysis with Evidence from Swaziland," Working Paper Series 2136, African Development Bank.
  8. Brixiova, Zuzana & Ncube, Mthuli & Bicaba, Zorobabel, 2014. "Skills and Youth Entrepreneurship in Africa: Analysis with Evidence from Swaziland," IZA Discussion Papers 8192, Institute of Labor Economics (IZA).
  9. Ncube, Mthuli & Brixiova, Zuzana & Bicaba, Zorobabel, 2014. "Can Dreams Come True? Eliminating Extreme Poverty in Africa by 2030," IZA Discussion Papers 8120, Institute of Labor Economics (IZA).
  10. Zorobabel Bicaba & Daniel Kapp & Francesco Molteni, 2011. "Stability periods between financial crises: The role of macroeconomic fundamentals and crises management policies," Documents de travail du Centre d'Economie de la Sorbonne 11064, Université Panthéon-Sorbonne (Paris 1), Centre d'Economie de la Sorbonne.
  11. Bicaba, Zorobabel, 2011. "Growth and financial reforms trajectory: an optimal matching sequence analysis approach," MPRA Paper 34057, University Library of Munich, Germany.
  12. Bicaba, Zorobabel T., 2011. "Do financial reforms complementarity and reforms sequence matter for international capital inflows?," Proceedings of the German Development Economics Conference, Berlin 2011 12, Verein für Socialpolitik, Research Committee Development Economics.

Articles

  1. Brixiová, Zuzana & Ncube, Mthuli & Bicaba, Zorobabel, 2015. "Skills and Youth Entrepreneurship in Africa: Analysis with Evidence from Swaziland," World Development, Elsevier, vol. 67(C), pages 11-26.
  2. Bicaba, Zorobabel & Kapp, Daniel & Molteni, Francesco, 2014. "Stability periods between financial crises: The role of macroeconomic fundamentals and crises management policies," Economic Modelling, Elsevier, vol. 43(C), pages 346-360.

Citations

Many of the citations below have been collected in an experimental project, CitEc, where a more detailed citation analysis can be found. These are citations from works listed in RePEc that could be analyzed mechanically. So far, only a minority of all works could be analyzed. See under "Corrections" how you can help improve the citation analysis.

Working papers

  1. Coricelli, Fabrizio & Bicaba, Zorobabel T., 2015. "Learning to open up: Capital account liberalizations in the post-Bretton Woods era," CEPR Discussion Papers 10389, C.E.P.R. Discussion Papers.

    Cited by:

    1. Zorobabel Bicaba & Zuzana Brixiova & Mthuli Ncube, 2015. "Working Paper - 217 - Capital Account Policies, IMF Programs and Growth in Developing Regions," Working Paper Series 2155, African Development Bank.
    2. Bicaba, Zorobabel & Brixiova, Zuzana & Ncube, Mthuli, 2015. "Capital Account Policies, IMF Programs and Growth in Developing Regions," IZA Discussion Papers 8774, Institute of Labor Economics (IZA).

  2. Mthuli Ncube & Basil Jones, 2014. "Working Paper 197 - Estimating the Economic Cost of Fragility in Africa," Working Paper Series 2105, African Development Bank.

    Cited by:

    1. Zuzana Brixiov?? & Mthuli Ncube, 2014. "The Real Exchange Rate and Growth in Zimbabwe: Does the Currency Regime Matter?," William Davidson Institute Working Papers Series wp1081, William Davidson Institute at the University of Michigan.
    2. Klaus Ackermann & Sefa Awaworyi Churchill & Russell Smyth, 2021. "Mobile phone coverage and violent conflict," SoDa Laboratories Working Paper Series 2021-06, Monash University, SoDa Laboratories.
    3. Zuzana Brixiova & Mthuli Ncube, 2014. "Working Paper - 210 - The Real Exchange Rate and Growth in Zimbabwe Does the Currency Regime Matter," Working Paper Series 2146, African Development Bank.
    4. World Bank Group, 2015. "Toward Solutions for Youth Employment," World Bank Publications - Reports 23261, The World Bank Group.

  3. Zuzana Brixiova & Mthuli Ncube, 2014. "Working Paper 204 - Skills and Youth Entrepreneurship in Africa: Analysis with Evidence from Swaziland," Working Paper Series 2136, African Development Bank.

    Cited by:

    1. MAGADLELA, Dumisani, 2016. "Can You Teach a Lion to Roar? Selected African Skills Development and Capacity Building Perspectives: Breaking Down Old Paradigms and Creating New Opportunities," IIR Working Paper 16-03, Institute of Innovation Research, Hitotsubashi University.

  4. Brixiova, Zuzana & Ncube, Mthuli & Bicaba, Zorobabel, 2014. "Skills and Youth Entrepreneurship in Africa: Analysis with Evidence from Swaziland," IZA Discussion Papers 8192, Institute of Labor Economics (IZA).

    Cited by:

    1. Richard Adu-Gyamfi & John Kuada & Simplice A. Asongu, 2023. "An Integrative Framework for Formal and Informal Entrepreneurship Research in Africa," Journal of African Business, Taylor & Francis Journals, vol. 24(2), pages 167-187, April.
    2. Phiri, Andrew, 2018. "How sustainable are fiscal budgets in the Kingdom of Swaziland?," MPRA Paper 85149, University Library of Munich, Germany.
    3. Simplice Asongu & Vanessa Tchamyou, 2015. "The Impact of Entrepreneurship on Knowledge Economy in Africa," Working Papers of the African Governance and Development Institute. 15/044, African Governance and Development Institute..
    4. Ferrando-Latorre, Sandra & Velilla, Jorge, 2018. "La transmisión intergeneracional de la actividad emprendedora en las familias españolas [Intergeneration transmissions of the entrepreneurial activity in Spanish households]," MPRA Paper 83573, University Library of Munich, Germany.
    5. Simplice A. Asongu & Nicholas M. Odhiambo, 2019. "Challenges of Doing Business in Africa: A Systematic Review," Journal of African Business, Taylor & Francis Journals, vol. 20(2), pages 259-268, April.
    6. R. Ebrahimi & S. Choobchian & H. Farhadian & I. Goli & E. Farmandeh & H. Azadi, 2022. "Investigating the effect of vocational education and training on rural women’s empowerment," Palgrave Communications, Palgrave Macmillan, vol. 9(1), pages 1-11, December.
    7. Simplice Asongu & Jacinta C. Nwachukwu, 2017. "Building Knowledge Economies in Africa: A Survey of Policies and Strategies," Working Papers of the African Governance and Development Institute. 17/021, African Governance and Development Institute..
    8. Sandra Ferrando-Latorre & Jorge Velilla & Raquel Ortega, 2019. "Intergenerational Transmission of Entrepreneurial Activity in Spanish Families," Journal of Family and Economic Issues, Springer, vol. 40(3), pages 390-407, September.
    9. Velilla, Jorge & Molina, José Alberto & Ortega, Raquel, 2020. "Entrepreneurship among Low-, Mid- and High-Income Workers in South America: A Fuzzy-Set Analysis," IZA Discussion Papers 13209, Institute of Labor Economics (IZA).
    10. Simplice A. Asongu & Nicholas Biekpe & Vanessa S. Tchamyou, 2018. "Remittances, ICT and Doing Business in Sub-Saharan Africa," AFEA Working Papers 18/009, African Finance and Economic Association (AFEA).
    11. Richard Adu-Gyamfi & John Kuada & Simplice Asongu, 2018. "An Integrative Framework for Entrepreneurship Research in Africa," Working Papers of the African Governance and Development Institute. 18/025, African Governance and Development Institute..
    12. Natalie A. Carlson, 2023. "Differentiation in microenterprises," Strategic Management Journal, Wiley Blackwell, vol. 44(5), pages 1141-1167, May.
    13. Jorge, Velilla, 2017. "Feminization of entrepreneurship in developing countries? Evidence from GEM data," MPRA Paper 79997, University Library of Munich, Germany.
    14. Simplice A. Asongu, 2022. "Mobile Phone Innovation and Doing Business in Sub-Saharan Africa," Working Papers of the African Governance and Development Institute. 22/081, African Governance and Development Institute..
    15. Brixiová, Zuzana & Kangoye, Thierry, 2019. "Training, Human Capital, and Gender Gaps in Entrepreneurial Performance," GLO Discussion Paper Series 424, Global Labor Organization (GLO).
    16. Hilson, Gavin & Hilson, Abigail & Maconachie, Roy, 2018. "Opportunity or necessity? Conceptualizing entrepreneurship at African small-scale mines," Technological Forecasting and Social Change, Elsevier, vol. 131(C), pages 286-302.
    17. Molina, Jose Alberto & Ortega, Raquel & Velilla, Jorge, 2017. "Older entrepreneurs-by-necessity using fuzzy set methods: differences between developed and developing countries," MPRA Paper 76982, University Library of Munich, Germany.
    18. Velilla, Jorge & Molina, José Alberto & Ortega, Raquel, 2018. "Why older workers become entrepreneurs? International evidence using fuzzy set methods," The Journal of the Economics of Ageing, Elsevier, vol. 12(C), pages 88-95.
    19. Velilla, Jorge, 2021. "Regional and national results on entrepreneurship using GEM data," MPRA Paper 110323, University Library of Munich, Germany.
    20. Molina, Jose Alberto & Velilla, Jorge & Ortega, Raquel, 2016. "Entrepreneurial activity in the OECD: Pooled and cross-country evidence," MPRA Paper 71592, University Library of Munich, Germany.
    21. Andrew Phiri, 2018. "Pursuing the Philips curve in an African monarchy: A Swazi case study," Working Papers 1832, Department of Economics, Nelson Mandela University.
    22. Sutter, Christopher & Bruton, Garry D. & Chen, Juanyi, 2019. "Entrepreneurship as a solution to extreme poverty: A review and future research directions," Journal of Business Venturing, Elsevier, vol. 34(1), pages 197-214.
    23. Brixiová, Zuzana & Kangoye, Thierry, 2016. "Gender and constraints to entrepreneurship in Africa: New evidence from Swaziland," Journal of Business Venturing Insights, Elsevier, vol. 5(C), pages 1-8.
    24. Belloc, Ignacio & Molina, José Alberto & Velilla, Jorge, 2022. "Living in Rural Areas and Self-Employment," IZA Discussion Papers 15059, Institute of Labor Economics (IZA).
    25. Mamman, Aminu & Bawole, Justice & Agbebi, Motolani & Alhassan, Abdul-Razak, 2019. "SME policy formulation and implementation in Africa: Unpacking assumptions as opportunity for research direction," Journal of Business Research, Elsevier, vol. 97(C), pages 304-315.
    26. Simplice A. Asongu & Uchenna R. Efobi & Belmondo V. Tanankem & Evans S. Osabuohien, 2019. "Globalisation and Female Economic Participation in Sub-Saharan Africa," Working Papers 19/019, European Xtramile Centre of African Studies (EXCAS).
    27. Dinah Rajak & Catherine Dolan, 2022. "Aspiring Minds: ‘A Generation of Entrepreneurs in the Making’," Sociological Research Online, , vol. 27(4), pages 803-822, December.
    28. Lee, Seungah S., 2023. "Entrepreneurship for all? The rise of a global “entrepreneurship for development” agenda, 1950–2021," World Development, Elsevier, vol. 166(C).
    29. Gascón Salillas, Patricia, 2020. "La actividad emprendedora: Análisis transversal en la Comunidad Foral de Navarra [Entrepreneurship activity: Cross-sectional analysis in the Region of Navarra]," MPRA Paper 99386, University Library of Munich, Germany.
    30. Simplice Asongu & Jacinta C. Nwachukwu, 2017. "Openness, ICT and Entrepreneurship in Sub-Saharan Africa," Working Papers of the African Governance and Development Institute. 17/032, African Governance and Development Institute..
    31. Phiri, Andrew, 2018. "Pursuing the Phillips curve in an African monarchy: The Swazi case," MPRA Paper 89199, University Library of Munich, Germany.
    32. Velilla, Jorge, 2018. "The entrepreneurial activity using GEM data: evidence for Spain (national and regional) and for Europe," MPRA Paper 85568, University Library of Munich, Germany.
    33. Simplice A. Asongu & Voxi H. S. Amavilah & Antonio R. Andres, 2019. "Business Dynamics, Knowledge Economy, and the Economic Performance of African Countries," CEREDEC Working Papers 19/004, Centre de Recherche pour le Développement Economique (CEREDEC).
    34. Brixiová, Zuzana & Kangoye, Thierry, 2019. "Networks, Start-up Capital and Women’s Entrepreneurial Performance in Africa: Evidence from Eswatini," GLO Discussion Paper Series 431, Global Labor Organization (GLO).
    35. Molina, Jose Alberto & Velilla, Jorge, 2016. "La innovación como determinante pare el emprendimiento [Innovation as determinant of entrepreneurship]," MPRA Paper 71471, University Library of Munich, Germany.
    36. Simplice Asongu & Uchenna R. Efobi & Belmondo V. Tanankem, 2017. "On the Relationship between Globalisation and the Economic Participation of Women in Sub-Saharan Africa," Working Papers of the African Governance and Development Institute. 17/001, African Governance and Development Institute..
    37. Asongu, Simplice & Biekpe, Nicholas, 2017. "Mobile Phone Innovation and Entrepreneurship in Sub-Saharan Africa," MPRA Paper 81703, University Library of Munich, Germany.
    38. Gölgeci, Ismail & Arslan, Ahmad & Khan, Zaheer & Kontkanen, Minnie, 2021. "Foreign firm operations and skills development of local employees in violence-hit countries," Technological Forecasting and Social Change, Elsevier, vol. 162(C).
    39. Asongu, Simplice A. & Nwachukwu, Jacinta C. & Orim, Stella-Maris I., 2018. "Mobile phones, institutional quality and entrepreneurship in Sub-Saharan Africa," Technological Forecasting and Social Change, Elsevier, vol. 131(C), pages 183-203.
    40. Belloc, Ignacio, 2022. "Emprendimiento en entornos rurales: Evidencia con la Encuesta Europea sobre Condiciones Laborales [Entrepreneurship in rural settings: Evidence from the European Working Conditions Survey]," MPRA Paper 111591, University Library of Munich, Germany.
    41. Adelaida Ojeda-Beltrán & Andrés Solano-Barliza & Wilson Arrubla-Hoyos & Danny Daniel Ortega & Dora Cama-Pinto & Juan Antonio Holgado-Terriza & Miguel Damas & Gilberto Toscano-Vanegas & Alejandro Cama-, 2023. "Characterisation of Youth Entrepreneurship in Medellín-Colombia Using Machine Learning," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 15(13), pages 1-19, June.
    42. Lall, Saurabh A. & Chen, Li-Wei & Roberts, Peter W., 2020. "Are we accelerating equity investment into impact-oriented ventures?," World Development, Elsevier, vol. 131(C).
    43. Alain Kikandi Kiuma & Abdelkrim Araar & Christian Kamala Kaghoma, 2020. "Internal migration and youth entrepreneurship in the Democratic Republic of the Congo," Review of Development Economics, Wiley Blackwell, vol. 24(3), pages 790-814, August.
    44. Chen, Shuang, 2018. "Education and transition to work: Evidence from Vietnam, Cambodia and Nepal," International Journal of Educational Development, Elsevier, vol. 61(C), pages 92-105.
    45. Senou, Melain Modeste & Manda, Julius, 2021. "Access to Finance and Rural Youth Entrepreneurship in Benin: Is There a Gender Gap?," 2021 Conference, August 17-31, 2021, Virtual 315077, International Association of Agricultural Economists.
    46. Rexford Akrong & Stephen G. Mbogoh & Patrick Irungu, 2020. "Youth agripreneurship in the horticultural value‐chain: The case of small‐scale mango farmers in Southern Ghana," African Development Review, African Development Bank, vol. 32(S1), pages 68-77, November.
    47. Vernet, Antoine & Khayesi, Jane N.O. & George, Vivian & George, Gerard & Bahaj, Abubakar S., 2019. "How does energy matter? Rural electrification, entrepreneurship, and community development in Kenya," Energy Policy, Elsevier, vol. 126(C), pages 88-98.
    48. Beverlley Madzikanda & Cai Li & Francis Tang Dabuo, 2021. "What Determines the Geography of Entrepreneurship? A Comparative Study Between Sub-Saharan Africa and South-East Asia," Journal of Entrepreneurship and Innovation in Emerging Economies, Entrepreneurship Development Institute of India, vol. 7(2), pages 246-262, July.
    49. MAGADLELA, Dumisani, 2016. "Can You Teach a Lion to Roar? Selected African Skills Development and Capacity Building Perspectives: Breaking Down Old Paradigms and Creating New Opportunities," IIR Working Paper 16-03, Institute of Innovation Research, Hitotsubashi University.
    50. Miao, Chao & Gast, Johanna & Laouiti, Rahma & Nakara, Walid, 2022. "Institutional factors, religiosity, and entrepreneurial activity: A quantitative examination across 85 countries," World Development, Elsevier, vol. 149(C).

  5. Ncube, Mthuli & Brixiova, Zuzana & Bicaba, Zorobabel, 2014. "Can Dreams Come True? Eliminating Extreme Poverty in Africa by 2030," IZA Discussion Papers 8120, Institute of Labor Economics (IZA).

    Cited by:

    1. Christoph Lakner & Daniel Gerszon Mahler & Mario Negre & Espen Beer Prydz, 2022. "How much does reducing inequality matter for global poverty?," The Journal of Economic Inequality, Springer;Society for the Study of Economic Inequality, vol. 20(3), pages 559-585, September.

  6. Zorobabel Bicaba & Daniel Kapp & Francesco Molteni, 2011. "Stability periods between financial crises: The role of macroeconomic fundamentals and crises management policies," Documents de travail du Centre d'Economie de la Sorbonne 11064, Université Panthéon-Sorbonne (Paris 1), Centre d'Economie de la Sorbonne.

    Cited by:

    1. Daniel Kapp & Marco Vega, 2012. "Real Output Costs of Financial Crises: a Loss Distribution Approach," Documentos de Trabajo / Working Papers 2012-332, Departamento de Economía - Pontificia Universidad Católica del Perú.
    2. Spataro, Luca & Fanti, Luciano & Pacini, Pier Mario, 2019. "Saving, fertility and public policy in an overlapping generations small open economy," Economic Modelling, Elsevier, vol. 81(C), pages 16-29.
    3. Olivier Damette & Mathilde Maurel & Michael A. Stemmer, 2016. "What does it take to grow out of recession? An error-correction approach towards growth convergence of European and transition countries," Post-Print halshs-01318131, HAL.
    4. Abiad, Abdul & Bluedorn, John & Guajardo, Jaime & Topalova, Petia, 2015. "The Rising Resilience of Emerging Market and Developing Economies," World Development, Elsevier, vol. 72(C), pages 1-26.
    5. Kapp, Daniel & Vega, Marco, 2012. "Real output costs of financial crises: a loss distribution approach," MPRA Paper 35706, University Library of Munich, Germany.
    6. Hashed Mabkhot & Hamid Abdulkhaleq Hasan Al-Wesabi, 2022. "Banks’ Financial Stability and Macroeconomic Key Factors in GCC Countries," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 14(23), pages 1-21, November.

  7. Bicaba, Zorobabel T., 2011. "Do financial reforms complementarity and reforms sequence matter for international capital inflows?," Proceedings of the German Development Economics Conference, Berlin 2011 12, Verein für Socialpolitik, Research Committee Development Economics.

    Cited by:

    1. Munasib Abdul & Roy Devesh & Chen Xing, 2014. "Financial Reforms and International Trade," The B.E. Journal of Economic Analysis & Policy, De Gruyter, vol. 14(4), pages 1237-1281, October.
    2. Braga de Macedo, Jorge & Oliveira Martins, Joaquim & Rocha, Bruno, 2014. "Are complementary reforms a “luxury” for developing countries?," Journal of Comparative Economics, Elsevier, vol. 42(2), pages 417-435.

Articles

  1. Brixiová, Zuzana & Ncube, Mthuli & Bicaba, Zorobabel, 2015. "Skills and Youth Entrepreneurship in Africa: Analysis with Evidence from Swaziland," World Development, Elsevier, vol. 67(C), pages 11-26.
    See citations under working paper version above.
  2. Bicaba, Zorobabel & Kapp, Daniel & Molteni, Francesco, 2014. "Stability periods between financial crises: The role of macroeconomic fundamentals and crises management policies," Economic Modelling, Elsevier, vol. 43(C), pages 346-360.
    See citations under working paper version above.Sorry, no citations of articles recorded.

More information

Research fields, statistics, top rankings, if available.

Statistics

Access and download statistics for all items

Co-authorship network on CollEc

NEP Fields

NEP is an announcement service for new working papers, with a weekly report in each of many fields. This author has had 12 papers announced in NEP. These are the fields, ordered by number of announcements, along with their dates. If the author is listed in the directory of specialists for this field, a link is also provided.
  1. NEP-AFR: Africa (8) 2014-03-15 2014-05-04 2014-05-09 2014-06-02 2014-06-14 2014-08-25 2015-06-20 2016-08-14. Author is listed
  2. NEP-ENT: Entrepreneurship (3) 2014-06-02 2014-06-14 2014-08-25
  3. NEP-MAC: Macroeconomics (3) 2014-05-09 2015-02-28 2016-08-14
  4. NEP-ACC: Accounting and Auditing (2) 2011-07-27 2015-02-28
  5. NEP-DEV: Development (2) 2014-05-09 2016-08-14
  6. NEP-AGR: Agricultural Economics (1) 2016-08-14
  7. NEP-CIS: Confederation of Independent States (1) 2011-10-22
  8. NEP-CSE: Economics of Strategic Management (1) 2014-06-02
  9. NEP-FDG: Financial Development and Growth (1) 2015-02-16
  10. NEP-IFN: International Finance (1) 2011-07-27
  11. NEP-OPM: Open Economy Macroeconomics (1) 2015-02-28
  12. NEP-PKE: Post Keynesian Economics (1) 2016-08-14

Corrections

All material on this site has been provided by the respective publishers and authors. You can help correct errors and omissions. For general information on how to correct material on RePEc, see these instructions.

To update listings or check citations waiting for approval, Zorobabel Bicaba
(Zorobabel T. Bicaba) should log into the RePEc Author Service.

To make corrections to the bibliographic information of a particular item, find the technical contact on the abstract page of that item. There, details are also given on how to add or correct references and citations.

To link different versions of the same work, where versions have a different title, use this form. Note that if the versions have a very similar title and are in the author's profile, the links will usually be created automatically.

Please note that most corrections can take a couple of weeks to filter through the various RePEc services.

IDEAS is a RePEc service. RePEc uses bibliographic data supplied by the respective publishers.