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The Southern Annular Mode: Variability, trends, and climate impacts across the Southern Hemisphere

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  • Ryan L. Fogt
  • Gareth J. Marshall

Abstract

The Southern Annular Mode (SAM) is the leading mode of extratropical Southern Hemisphere climate variability, associated with changes in the strength and position of the polar jet around Antarctica. This variability in the polar jet drives large fluctuations in the Southern Hemisphere climate, from the lower stratosphere into the troposphere, and stretching from the midlatitudes across the Southern Ocean to Antarctica. Notably, the SAM index has displayed marked positive trends in the austral summer season (stronger and poleward shifted westerlies), associated with stratospheric ozone loss. Historical reconstructions demonstrate that these recent positive SAM index values are unprecedented in the last millennia, and fall outside the range of natural climate variability. Despite these advances in the understanding of the SAM behavior, several areas of active research are identified that highlight gaps in our present knowledge. This article is categorized under: Paleoclimates and Current Trends > Earth System Behavior

Suggested Citation

  • Ryan L. Fogt & Gareth J. Marshall, 2020. "The Southern Annular Mode: Variability, trends, and climate impacts across the Southern Hemisphere," Wiley Interdisciplinary Reviews: Climate Change, John Wiley & Sons, vol. 11(4), July.
    • Handle: RePEc:wly:wirecc:v:11:y:2020:i:4:n:e652
    DOI: 10.1002/wcc.652
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    1. Nerilie J. Abram & Robert Mulvaney & Françoise Vimeux & Steven J. Phipps & John Turner & Matthew H. England, 2014. "Evolution of the Southern Annular Mode during the past millennium," Nature Climate Change, Nature, vol. 4(7), pages 564-569, July.
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    3. B. Medley & E. R. Thomas, 2019. "Increased snowfall over the Antarctic Ice Sheet mitigated twentieth-century sea-level rise," Nature Climate Change, Nature, vol. 9(1), pages 34-39, January.
    4. Julie M. Jones & Martin Widmann, 2004. "Early peak in Antarctic oscillation index," Nature, Nature, vol. 432(7015), pages 290-291, November.
    5. T. Ito & M. Woloszyn & M. Mazloff, 2010. "Anthropogenic carbon dioxide transport in the Southern Ocean driven by Ekman flow," Nature, Nature, vol. 463(7277), pages 80-83, January.
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    1. Afonso Ferreira & Carlos R. B. Mendes & Raul R. Costa & Vanda Brotas & Virginia M. Tavano & Catarina V. Guerreiro & Eduardo R. Secchi & Ana C. Brito, 2024. "Climate change is associated with higher phytoplankton biomass and longer blooms in the West Antarctic Peninsula," Nature Communications, Nature, vol. 15(1), pages 1-11, December.
    2. Jonathan King & Kevin J. Anchukaitis & Kathryn Allen & Tessa Vance & Amy Hessl, 2023. "Trends and variability in the Southern Annular Mode over the Common Era," Nature Communications, Nature, vol. 14(1), pages 1-14, December.
    3. Manuel O. Gutierrez-Villanueva & Teresa K. Chereskin & Janet Sprintall, 2023. "Compensating transport trends in the Drake Passage frontal regions yield no acceleration in net transport," Nature Communications, Nature, vol. 14(1), pages 1-12, December.
    4. Liu, Jin & Li, Rui & Li, Shuo & Meucci, Alberto & Young, Ian R., 2024. "Increasing wave power due to global climate change and intensification of Antarctic Oscillation," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 358(C).
    5. Adrián Cardil & Marcos Rodrigues & Mario Tapia & Renaud Barbero & Joaquin Ramírez & Cathelijne R. Stoof & Carlos Alberto Silva & Midhun Mohan & Sergio de-Miguel, 2023. "Climate teleconnections modulate global burned area," Nature Communications, Nature, vol. 14(1), pages 1-10, December.

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