IDEAS home Printed from https://ideas.repec.org/a/wly/syseng/v8y2005i4pno-no.html
   My bibliography  Save this article

Design for changeability (DfC): Principles to enable changes in systems throughout their entire lifecycle

Author

Listed:
  • Ernst Fricke
  • Armin P. Schulz

Abstract

In the past decades the world has been changing in almost every aspect. Systems development is facing rapidly changing and increasingly global environments in markets, competition, technology, regulatory, and societal systems. Systems to be delivered must be designed not only to meet customer or market needs, but also increasingly to meet requirements and constraints of systems sharing its operational context and throughout their entire lifecycle. The design of a system must provide for a continuous evolution of its architecture either by upgrading a system already in service or releasing a new version or derivative. Based on these key challenges imposed on development systems, this paper will evolve the idea of incorporating changeability into a system architecture. Flexibility, agility, robustness, and adaptability as four key aspects of changeability will be defined and described. Design principles to enable flexibility, agility, robustness, and adaptability within systems are proposed and described. A basic approach outlining and guiding an application of the framework described concludes this paper. Examples from varying industries will illustrate the applicability and implementation of selected principles. Thus this paper spans a view from why, when, and how changeability has to be incorporated into a system's architecture. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Syst Eng 8: 342–359, 2005

Suggested Citation

  • Ernst Fricke & Armin P. Schulz, 2005. "Design for changeability (DfC): Principles to enable changes in systems throughout their entire lifecycle," Systems Engineering, John Wiley & Sons, vol. 8(4), pages 1-1.
    • Handle: RePEc:wly:syseng:v:8:y:2005:i:4:p:no-no
    DOI: 10.1002/sys.20039
    as

    Download full text from publisher

    File URL: https://doi.org/10.1002/sys.20039
    Download Restriction: no
    File URL: https://libkey.io/10.1002/sys.20039?utm_source=ideas
    LibKey link: if access is restricted and if your library uses this service, LibKey will redirect you to where you can use your library subscription to access this item
    ---><---

    References listed on IDEAS

    as
    1. Pimmler, Thomas U. (Thomas Udo) & Eppinger, Steven D., 1994. "Integration analysis of product decompositions," Working papers 3690-94., Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), Sloan School of Management.
    2. Armin P. Schulz & Don P. Clausing & Ernst Fricke & Herbert Negele, 2000. "Development and integration of winning technologies as key to competitive advantage," Systems Engineering, John Wiley & Sons, vol. 3(4), pages 180-211.
    3. Ulrich, Karl, 1995. "The role of product architecture in the manufacturing firm," Research Policy, Elsevier, vol. 24(3), pages 419-440, May.
    Full references (including those not matched with items on IDEAS)

    Citations

    Citations are extracted by the CitEc Project, subscribe to its RSS feed for this item.
    as


    Cited by:

    1. Erica Gralla & Zoe Szajnfarber, 2016. "Characterizing Representational Uncertainty in System Design and Operations," Systems Engineering, John Wiley & Sons, vol. 19(6), pages 535-548, November.
    2. René Krikhaar & Wim Mosterman & Niels Veerman & Chris Verhoef, 2009. "Enabling system evolution through configuration management on the hardware/software boundary," Systems Engineering, John Wiley & Sons, vol. 12(3), pages 233-264, September.
    3. Adam M. Ross & Donna H. Rhodes & Daniel E. Hastings, 2008. "Defining changeability: Reconciling flexibility, adaptability, scalability, modifiability, and robustness for maintaining system lifecycle value," Systems Engineering, John Wiley & Sons, vol. 11(3), pages 246-262, September.
    4. George A. Polacek & David A. Gianetto & Khaldoun Khashanah & Dinesh Verma, 2012. "On principles and rules in complex adaptive systems: A financial system case study," Systems Engineering, John Wiley & Sons, vol. 15(4), pages 433-447, December.
    5. Alessandro Golkar & Edward F. Crawley, 2014. "A Framework for Space Systems Architecture under Stakeholder Objectives Ambiguity," Systems Engineering, John Wiley & Sons, vol. 17(4), pages 479-502, December.
    6. Matthew R. Silver & Olivier L. de Weck, 2007. "Time‐expanded decision networks: A framework for designing evolvable complex systems," Systems Engineering, John Wiley & Sons, vol. 10(2), pages 167-188, June.
    7. Ali A. Yassine & Luke A. Wissmann, 2007. "The Implications of Product Architecture on the Firm," Systems Engineering, John Wiley & Sons, vol. 10(2), pages 118-137, June.
    8. Inayat Ullah & Dunbing Tang & Qi Wang & Leilei Yin, 2017. "Least Risky Change Propagation Path Analysis in Product Design Process," Systems Engineering, John Wiley & Sons, vol. 20(4), pages 379-391, July.
    9. Mike Mannion & Hermann Kaindl, 2008. "Using parameters and discriminants for product line requirements," Systems Engineering, John Wiley & Sons, vol. 11(1), pages 61-80, March.
    10. Sadegh Mirshekarian, 2015. "Enhanced Time‐Expanded Decision Network: The Original TDN and More," Systems Engineering, John Wiley & Sons, vol. 18(4), pages 415-429, July.
    11. David A. Broniatowski, 2017. "Flexibility Due to Abstraction and Decomposition," Systems Engineering, John Wiley & Sons, vol. 20(2), pages 98-117, March.
    12. Edwin C. Y. Koh, 2017. "A study on the Requirements to Support the Accurate Prediction of Engineering Change Propagation," Systems Engineering, John Wiley & Sons, vol. 20(2), pages 147-157, March.
    13. Ryan Boas & Bruce G. Cameron & Edward F. Crawley, 2013. "Divergence and lifecycle offsets in product families with commonality," Systems Engineering, John Wiley & Sons, vol. 16(2), pages 175-192, June.
    14. Avner Engel & Tyson R. Browning, 2008. "Designing systems for adaptability by means of architecture options," Systems Engineering, John Wiley & Sons, vol. 11(2), pages 125-146, June.

    Most related items

    These are the items that most often cite the same works as this one and are cited by the same works as this one.
    1. Manuel E. Sosa & Steven D. Eppinger & Craig M. Rowles, 2004. "The Misalignment of Product Architecture and Organizational Structure in Complex Product Development," Management Science, INFORMS, vol. 50(12), pages 1674-1689, December.
    2. Alan MacCormack & John Rusnak & Carliss Y. Baldwin, 2006. "Exploring the Structure of Complex Software Designs: An Empirical Study of Open Source and Proprietary Code," Management Science, INFORMS, vol. 52(7), pages 1015-1030, July.
    3. Fixson, Sebastian K. & Park, Jin-Kyu, 2008. "The power of integrality: Linkages between product architecture, innovation, and industry structure," Research Policy, Elsevier, vol. 37(8), pages 1296-1316, September.
    4. Henning Skirde & Wolfgang Kersten & Meike Schröder, 2016. "Measuring the Cost Effects of Modular Product Architectures — A Conceptual Approach," International Journal of Innovation and Technology Management (IJITM), World Scientific Publishing Co. Pte. Ltd., vol. 13(04), pages 1-23, August.
    5. Samyeon Kim & Seung Ki Moon, 2019. "Eco-modular product architecture identification and assessment for product recovery," Journal of Intelligent Manufacturing, Springer, vol. 30(1), pages 383-403, January.
    6. Kartik Kalaignanam & Tarun Kushwaha & Anand Nair, 2017. "The Product Quality Impact of Aligning Buyer-Supplier Network Structure and Product Architecture: an Empirical Investigation in the Automobile Industry," Customer Needs and Solutions, Springer;Institute for Sustainable Innovation and Growth (iSIG), vol. 4(1), pages 1-17, September.
    7. Cabigiosu, Anna & Zirpoli, Francesco & Camuffo, Arnaldo, 2013. "Modularity, interfaces definition and the integration of external sources of innovation in the automotive industry," Research Policy, Elsevier, vol. 42(3), pages 662-675.
    8. Babak Heydari & Mohsen Mosleh & Kia Dalili, 2016. "From Modular to Distributed Open Architectures: A Unified Decision Framework," Systems Engineering, John Wiley & Sons, vol. 19(3), pages 252-266, May.
    9. Avner Engel & Tyson R. Browning, 2008. "Designing systems for adaptability by means of architecture options," Systems Engineering, John Wiley & Sons, vol. 11(2), pages 125-146, June.
    10. Sharon Novak & Steven D. Eppinger, 2001. "Sourcing By Design: Product Complexity and the Supply Chain," Management Science, INFORMS, vol. 47(1), pages 189-204, January.
    11. Anna Cabigiosu & Arnaldo Camuffo, 2012. "Beyond the “Mirroring” Hypothesis: Product Modularity and Interorganizational Relations in the Air Conditioning Industry," Organization Science, INFORMS, vol. 23(3), pages 686-703, June.
    12. Habib, Tufail & Kristiansen, Jimmi Normann & Rana, Mohammad Bakhtiar & Ritala, Paavo, 2020. "Revisiting the role of modular innovation in technological radicalness and architectural change of products: The case of Tesla X and Roomba," Technovation, Elsevier, vol. 98(C).
    13. L. Siddharth & Amaresh Chakrabarti & R. Ranganath, 2020. "Modeling and structuring design rationale to enable knowledge reuse," Systems Engineering, John Wiley & Sons, vol. 23(3), pages 294-311, May.
    14. Rudolf Smaling & Olivier de Weck, 2007. "Assessing risks and opportunities of technology infusion in system design," Systems Engineering, John Wiley & Sons, vol. 10(1), pages 1-25, March.
    15. Nepal, Bimal & Monplaisir, Leslie & Singh, Nanua, 2005. "Integrated fuzzy logic-based model for product modularization during concept development phase," International Journal of Production Economics, Elsevier, vol. 96(2), pages 157-174, May.
    16. Federico Rossi & Sabrina Arfelli & S. Jack Hu & Tullio Antonio Maria Tolio & Theodor Freiheit, 2019. "A systematic methodology for the modularization of manufacturing systems during early design," Flexible Services and Manufacturing Journal, Springer, vol. 31(4), pages 945-988, December.
    17. Arman Avadikyan & Gilles Lambert & Christophe Lerch, 2016. "A Multi-Level Perspective on Ambidexterity: The Case of a Synchrotron Research Facility," Working Papers of BETA 2016-44, Bureau d'Economie Théorique et Appliquée, UDS, Strasbourg.
    18. Nuno Gil & Marcela Miozzo, 2007. "Innovation in Private Infrastructure Development Effects of the Selection Environment and Modularity," DRUID Working Papers 07-23, DRUID, Copenhagen Business School, Department of Industrial Economics and Strategy/Aalborg University, Department of Business Studies.
    19. Sharon Novak & Scott Stern, 2009. "Complementarity Among Vertical Integration Decisions: Evidence from Automobile Product Development," Management Science, INFORMS, vol. 55(2), pages 311-332, February.
    20. Cecere, Grazia & Corrocher, Nicoletta & Battaglia, Riccardo David, 2015. "Innovation and competition in the smartphone industry: Is there a dominant design?," Telecommunications Policy, Elsevier, vol. 39(3), pages 162-175.

    More about this item

    Statistics

    Access and download statistics

    Corrections

    All material on this site has been provided by the respective publishers and authors. You can help correct errors and omissions. When requesting a correction, please mention this item's handle: RePEc:wly:syseng:v:8:y:2005:i:4:p:no-no. See general information about how to correct material in RePEc.

    If you have authored this item and are not yet registered with RePEc, we encourage you to do it here. This allows to link your profile to this item. It also allows you to accept potential citations to this item that we are uncertain about.

    If CitEc recognized a bibliographic reference but did not link an item in RePEc to it, you can help with this form .

    If you know of missing items citing this one, you can help us creating those links by adding the relevant references in the same way as above, for each refering item. If you are a registered author of this item, you may also want to check the "citations" tab in your RePEc Author Service profile, as there may be some citations waiting for confirmation.

    For technical questions regarding this item, or to correct its authors, title, abstract, bibliographic or download information, contact: Wiley Content Delivery (email available below). General contact details of provider: https://doi.org/10.1002/(ISSN)1520-6858 .

    Please note that corrections may take a couple of weeks to filter through the various RePEc services.

    IDEAS is a RePEc service. RePEc uses bibliographic data supplied by the respective publishers.