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Implementable equilibria in accounting contexts: An exploratory study

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  • AMIN H. AMERSHI
  • PETER CHENG

Abstract

. This paper investigates in multiple agent settings the fundamental issue of whether a contractual coordination and incentives mechanism that induces equilibrium behavior is implementable. Implementability means that the mechanism, when put into effect by the principal, produces an equilibrium desired by him in the agents' subgame that is not Pareto†dominated by another equilibrium. Strong implementability of a mechanism means that the equilibrium desired by the principal Pareto†dominates all other equilibria. The main result shows that in a moral hazard setting, strong implementability is guaranteed under regularity conditions imposed on the net profit from joint production, and monotonicity of compensation and production in effort. A substantial class of distribution functions, including the beta distributions, satisfy these regularity conditions. These conditions appear to be “minimal†sufficient. Through examples, it is shown that strong implementability is generally not possible. An example also shows that even if the optimal mechanism relies on a more stringent equilibrium concept (dominant strategy equilibria) it may still be not implementable even if there is a unique equilibrium of the stronger type. The proof of the theorem introduces the technique of the Ky Fan Conditions to check the consistency of systems of inequalities that define equilibria. The paper explores various ways to overcome the implementability problem in analytical models to derive testable propositions in accounting choice settings such as budgeting, transfer pricing, auditing, and setting and enforcing standards. Résumé. Les auteurs de l'article qui suit étudient, dans les situations où les mandataires sont multiples, la question fondamentale de la possibilité de mettre en place des mécanismes de coordination et de motivation permettant d'obtenir un comportement d'équilibre. La possibilité de mettre en place ce genre de mécanisme suppose que son application par le mandant produit l'équilibre désiré par ce dernier, à travers le comportement des mandataires qui n'est pas dominé, selon la loi de Pareto, par la recherche d'un autre équilibre. Il découle principalement de cette étude qu'en situation de risque moral, la possibilité de mise en place est assurée lorsque, dans une situation de co†production où le mandant ne peut isoler la contribution de chaque mandataire au bénéfice total, la fonction de production ainsi que le mécanisme de compensation sont uniformes ou que les mécanismes produisent des équilibres de Nash uniques. La forte possibilité de mise en place de ce genre de mécanisme signifie que l'équilibre souhaité par le mandant domine, selon la loi de Pareto, tous les autres équilibres. Ce résultat donne les conditions minimales suffisantes pour que l'équilibre de Nash poursuivi dans le comportement des mandataires soit également l'équilibre optimal selon la loi de Pareto de l'ensemble des équilibres de Nash. Les auteurs démontrent, au moyen de divers exemples, que cela est en général irréalisable. Ils illustrent également par un exemple que même si le mécanisme optimal repose sur une notion d'équilibre plus rigoureuse (les équilibres de la stratégie dominante), il se peut qu'il demeure impossible de le mettre en place, même lorsqu'il existe un équilibre unique du type le plus fort. Les auteurs font également état du fait que le problème de la possibilité de mise en place est commun à toutes les situations dans lesquelles un mécanisme de coordination vise une réponse d'équilibre particulière de la part des mandataires. Le problème existe aussi particulièrement, et peut†être de façon plus aiguë, en présence d'un risque moral assorti d'autres asymétries de l'information (une «eélection opposée» par exemple). La preuve du théorème fait intervenir une nouvelle technique analytique, celle des conditions Ky Fan, pour vérifier la cohérence des systèmes d'inégalités qui définissent les équilibres. Les auteurs explorent les diverses façons de surmonter le problème de la possibilité de mise en place du mécanisme dans les modèles analytiques, de manière à dériver des propositions pouvant être testées dans des situations de choix comptable comme l'établissement de budgets, la détermination des prix de cession, la vérification et l'établissement et l'application de normes.

Suggested Citation

  • Amin H. Amershi & Peter Cheng, 1988. "Implementable equilibria in accounting contexts: An exploratory study," Contemporary Accounting Research, John Wiley & Sons, vol. 4(2), pages 515-563, March.
  • Handle: RePEc:wly:coacre:v:4:y:1988:i:2:p:515-563
    DOI: 10.1111/j.1911-3846.1988.tb00683.x
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    3. Ronald A. Dye, 1988. "Discussion of “Implementable equilibria in accounting contexts: An exploratory studyâ€," Contemporary Accounting Research, John Wiley & Sons, vol. 4(2), pages 564-567, March.
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