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When Is the Averaging Effect Present in Auditor Judgments?

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  • Tamara A. Lambert
  • Marietta Peytcheva

Abstract

Auditing standards task auditors with collecting sufficient appropriate evidence to form audit judgments. Yet, cognitive psychology documents a robust finding in which people evaluate a bundle of relevant, directionally consistent evidence as though averaging the strength of the components. In consequence, a bundle of evidence may be viewed as weaker evidence than the bundle's strongest evidence item alone. We experimentally examine whether this averaging effect occurs in an audit context, and we test a potential moderator. In three independent mini‐cases, we ask auditor participants to make judgments about going concern, internal controls, and fraud risk. We present auditors with unfavorable audit evidence relevant to each judgment, manipulating whether we present a single strong evidence item or bundle it with a weaker evidence item. We also manipulate the auditor's initial impression of the client's state. We find that experienced auditors succumb to the averaging effect, making more strongly unfavorable judgments in response to the single evidence item than the bundle, and that this bias is reduced when the observed evidence is inconsistent with the auditor's initial impression. We interpret our results as consistent with the dual‐processing theory of cognition. Quand les effets de moyenne se manifestent‐ils dans les jugements des auditeurs? Les normes d'audit assignent aux auditeurs la tâche de colliger des éléments probants appropriés suffisants pour porter des jugements d'audit. Or, les recherches en psychologie cognitive font état d'une constatation robuste selon laquelle les gens évaluent des groupes d’éléments pertinents pointant dans la même direction comme s'ils établissaient une moyenne de la solidité de ces éléments. En conséquence, un groupe d’éléments peut être considéré comme étant moins probant que l’élément le plus probant du groupe. Les auteures procèdent à une expérience visant à déterminer si cet effet de moyenne se produit dans un contexte d'audit et testent un modérateur potentiel. Dans trois mini‐cas indépendants, elles demandent aux auditeurs participants de porter des jugements sur le risque lié à la continuité de l'exploitation, au contrôle interne et à la fraude. Elles soumettent aux auditeurs des éléments probants défavorables pertinents à chaque jugement et manipulent un paramètre en leur présentant soit un élément probant unique fort soit cet élément probant associé à un élément moins probant. Elles manipulent également l'impression initiale de l'auditeur quant à la situation du client. Les auteures constatent que les auditeurs expérimentés cèdent à la tentation d’établir une moyenne, en portant des jugements plus nettement défavorables en réaction à l’élément probant unique qu'en réaction aux éléments groupés, et que cette distorsion s'atténue lorsque l’élément observé ne cadre pas avec l'impression initiale de l'auditeur. Les auteures interprètent ces résultats comme étant conformes à la théorie du traitement parallèle de l'information en psychologie cognitive.

Suggested Citation

  • Tamara A. Lambert & Marietta Peytcheva, 2020. "When Is the Averaging Effect Present in Auditor Judgments?," Contemporary Accounting Research, John Wiley & Sons, vol. 37(1), pages 277-296, March.
  • Handle: RePEc:wly:coacre:v:37:y:2020:i:1:p:277-296
    DOI: 10.1111/1911-3846.12512
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    References listed on IDEAS

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    1. Hartwig, Fredrik & Landström, Mats & Sörqvist, Patrik, 2022. "Averaging bias in firm acquisition processes," Journal of Behavioral and Experimental Economics (formerly The Journal of Socio-Economics), Elsevier, vol. 96(C).
    2. Yi (Dale) Fu & Noel Harding & David C. Hay & Mohammad Jahanzeb Khan & Tom Scott & Harj Singh & Sarka Stepankova & Nigar Sultana, 2023. "Comments of the AFAANZ Auditing and Assurance Standards Committee on Proposed International Standard on Auditing 500 (Revised) Audit Evidence," Accounting and Finance, Accounting and Finance Association of Australia and New Zealand, vol. 63(4), pages 4805-4812, December.

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