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Reduction of Outcome Variance: Optimality and Incentives

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  • BRACHA METH

Abstract

. It is well known that monitoring information can be used to reduce moral hazard problems. This paper analyzes a model in which the agent can affect the precision (or quality) of the information observed by the principal. In particular, the agent is assumed to be capable of supplying two types of effort: productive effort and effort that reduces the outcome variance. Variance reduction improves the principal's ability to use the outcome to infer the agent's productive effort. However, if the agent's variance†reducing actions are unobservable, a moral hazard problem related to those actions arises. The principal then faces a trade†off between obtaining monitoring benefits from variance reduction and the costs of motivating the agent to choose the desired level of outcome variance. Moreover, the incentives that the principal sets up to motivate the agent to reduce the variance also affect the agent's incentives to increase the outcome. The paper establishes conditions under which the principal motivates the agent to expend nonzero effort in reducing the variance. The incentives for variance reduction depend on the agent's degree of risk aversion and on the feasibility of nonmonotonic contracts. The results explain a variety of observed contracts such as bonus plans, bonus plans with an upper bound, and stock options. Résumé. Chacun sait que l'information de contrôle peut servir à réduire les problèmes de risque moral. L'auteur analyse un modèle dans lequel le mandataire peut modifier la précision (ou la qualité) de l'information observée par le mandant. Il pose notamment l'hypothèse selon laquelle le mandataire est en mesure de fournir deux types d'effort: un effort productif et un effort qui réduit la variance des résultats. La réduction de la variance améliore la capacité du mandant de tirer, à partir des résultats, des conclusions relatives à l'effort productif fourni par le mandataire. Si, toutefois, les actions du mandataire visant à réduire la variance ne sont pas observables, ces actions soulèvent un problème de risque moral. Le mandant se trouve alors devant un compromis entre l'obtention des avantages que présente la réduction de la variance en matière de contrôle et les coûts que suppose la motivation du mandataire à choisir le niveau souhaité de variance des résultats. En outre, les mesures incitatives que le mandant instaure pour motiver le mandataire à réduire la variance ont également une incidence sur les motivations du mandataire à augmenter les résultats. L'auteur établit les conditions dans lesquelles le mandant incite le mandataire à déployer un effort mesurable de réduction de la variance. Les incitatifs à la réduction de la variance dépendent du degré d'aversion pour le risque du mandataire et de la possibilité de lui offrir un contrat indexé sur les résultats. Les résultats sont l'enjeu d'une grande variété de contrats observés: régimes de gratification, régimes de gratification comportant une limite supérieure et régimes d'options d'achat d'actions, par exemple.

Suggested Citation

  • Bracha Meth, 1996. "Reduction of Outcome Variance: Optimality and Incentives," Contemporary Accounting Research, John Wiley & Sons, vol. 13(1), pages 309-328, March.
  • Handle: RePEc:wly:coacre:v:13:y:1996:i:1:p:309-328
    DOI: 10.1111/j.1911-3846.1996.tb00502.x
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    2. Lilia Filipova, 2007. "Monitoring and Privacy in Automobile Insurance Markets with Moral Hazard," Working Papers 026, Bavarian Graduate Program in Economics (BGPE).
    3. Lambert, Richard A., 2001. "Contracting theory and accounting," Journal of Accounting and Economics, Elsevier, vol. 32(1-3), pages 3-87, December.

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