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Viewpoint: Option prices, preferences, and state variables

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  • René Garcia
  • Richard Luger
  • Éric Renault

Abstract

. This paper surveys recent developments in the theory of option pricing. The emphasis is on the interplay between option prices and investors’ impatience and their aversion to risk. The traditional view, steeped in the risk‐neutral approach to derivative pricing, has been that these preferences play no role in the determination of option prices. However, the usual lognormality assumption required to obtain preference‐free option pricing formulas is at odds with the empirical properties of financial assets. The lognormality assumption is easily reconcilable with those properties by the introduction of a latent state variable whose values can be interpreted as the states of the economy. The presence of a covariance risk with the state variable makes option prices depend explicitly on preferences. Generalized option pricing formulas, in which preferences matter, can explain several well‐known empirical biases associated with preference‐free models such as that of Black and Scholes (1973) and the stochastic volatility extensions of Hull and White (1987) and Heston (1993). Prix des options, préférences et variables d’état. Le présent article passe en revue certains développements théoriques récents sur l’évaluation des options. On met l’accent sur les interactions entre les prix des options d’une part et l’impatience et l’aversion au risque des investisseurs d’autre part. Dans l’approche traditionnelle, qui s’appuie sure l’évaluation risque neutre, les préférences des investisseurs ne jouent aucun rôle dans la détermination du prix des options. Cette approche repose toutefois sur une hypothèse de lognormalité qui est peu conforme aux propriétés empiriques des prix des actifs financiers. Cette hypothèse devient plus conforme à ces propriétés si on la considère conditionnellement à une variable latente qui capte les états de l’économie. La présence d’un risque de covariance avec cette variable d’état fait que les prix des options dépendent explicitement des préférences. Les formules généralisées de prix d’option qui en découlent expliquent plusieurs biais empiriques bien connus associes aux modèles où les préférences n’apparaissent pas explicitement tels que le modèle de Black et Scholes (1973) et ses extensions avec volatilité stochastique de Hull et White (1987) et Heston (1993).

Suggested Citation

  • René Garcia & Richard Luger & Éric Renault, 2005. "Viewpoint: Option prices, preferences, and state variables," Canadian Journal of Economics/Revue canadienne d'économique, John Wiley & Sons, vol. 38(1), pages 1-27, February.
  • Handle: RePEc:wly:canjec:v:38:y:2005:i:1:p:1-27
    DOI: 10.1111/j.0008-4085.2005.00266.x
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