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Trade, product cycles, and inequality within and between countries

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  • Susan Chun Zhu

Abstract

. This paper incorporates Northern product innovation and product‐cycle‐driven technology transfer into the continuum‐of‐goods Heckscher‐Ohlin model. The creation of very skill‐intensive goods induces the North to transfer production of older, less skill‐intensive goods to the South. These relocated goods are the most skill intensive by Southern standards. Hence, product cycles raise the relative demand for skilled workers and thus wage inequality within both regions. This runs contrary to the Stolper‐Samuelson theorem, but accords well with the fact that wage inequality has risen in both Northern and Southern countries. Moreover, product cycles increase income inequality between countries. JEL classification: F1 Commerce international, cycles de produit, et inégalitéà l’intérieur des pays et entre eux. Ce mémoire incorpore le processus d’innovation et de transfert de technologie engendré par le cycle du produit dans le Nord dans le continuum de produits d’un modèle Hecksher‐Ohlin. La création de biens à forte intensité en habiletés amène le Nord à transférer la production de biens à moins forte intensité en habiletés vers le Sud. Ces biens relocalisés sont ceux qui sont les plus intensifs en habiletés dans le Sud. En conséquence, les cycles de produit augmentent la demande de main d’œuvre qualifiée et donc l’inégalité entre les régions. Voilà qui ne va pas dans le sens de ce que le théorème de Stolper‐Samuelson suggère, mais s’accorde bien avec le fait que les inégalités de salaires augmentent dans le Nord et le Sud. De plus les cycles de produit augmentent l’inégalité entre pays. Même si le transfert de technologie diminue l’écart de revenu entre le Nord et le Sud, cet effet est plus que compensé par l’effet de l’innovation de produit. Ce mémoire examine aussi les effets de bien‐être des cycles de produit. Les cycles de produit engendrent des avantages pour le Nord et le Sud, et améliorent le sort des travailleurs hautement qualifiés dans les deux régions.

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  • Susan Chun Zhu, 2004. "Trade, product cycles, and inequality within and between countries," Canadian Journal of Economics/Revue canadienne d'économique, John Wiley & Sons, vol. 37(4), pages 1042-1060, November.
  • Handle: RePEc:wly:canjec:v:37:y:2004:i:4:p:1042-1060
    DOI: 10.1111/j.0008-4085.2004.00259.x
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    Cited by:

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    2. Chen, Xiaoping & Lu, Yi & Zhu, Lianming, 2017. "Product cycle, contractibility, and global sourcing," Journal of Development Economics, Elsevier, vol. 127(C), pages 283-296.
    3. Joël Hellier & Nathalie Chusseau, 2010. "Globalization and the Inequality–Unemployment Tradeoff," Review of International Economics, Wiley Blackwell, vol. 18(5), pages 1028-1043, November.
    4. Wang, Ming-cheng & Fang, Chen-ray & Huang, Li-hsuan, 2009. "International knowledge spillovers and wage inequality in developing countries," Economic Modelling, Elsevier, vol. 26(6), pages 1208-1214, November.
    5. Sherif Khalifa & Evelina Mengova, 2010. "Offshoring And Wage Inequality In Developing Countries," Journal of Economic Development, Chung-Ang Unviersity, Department of Economics, vol. 35(3), pages 1-42, September.
    6. Roberto Álvarez & Ricardo A. López, 2009. "Skill Upgrading and the Real Exchange Rate," The World Economy, Wiley Blackwell, vol. 32(8), pages 1165-1179, August.
    7. Yasar, Mahmut & Rejesus, Roderick M., 2020. "International linkages, technology transfer, and the skilled labor wage share: Evidence from plant-level data in Indonesia," World Development, Elsevier, vol. 128(C).
    8. Audretsch, David & Sanders, Mark, 2007. "Globalization and the Rise of the Entrepreneurial Economy," CEPR Discussion Papers 6247, C.E.P.R. Discussion Papers.
    9. Hitoshi Tanaka & Tatsuro Iwaisako, 2009. "Product cycles, endogenous skill acquisition, and wage inequality," Canadian Journal of Economics, Canadian Economics Association, vol. 42(1), pages 300-331, February.
    10. Ramezan Ali Marvi, 2014. "Technological Changes and Global Value Chains," AMSE Working Papers 1422, Aix-Marseille School of Economics, France, revised 21 May 2014.
    11. Roberto Álvarez & Ricardo A. López, 2009. "Skill Upgrading and the Real Exchange Rate," The World Economy, Wiley Blackwell, vol. 32(8), pages 1165-1179, August.
    12. Zhu, Susan Chun, 2005. "Can product cycles explain skill upgrading?," Journal of International Economics, Elsevier, vol. 66(1), pages 131-155, May.
    13. Ramezan Ali Marvi, 2014. "Technological Changes and Global Value Chains," Working Papers halshs-00999232, HAL.
    14. Pham, Cong S., 2008. "Product specialization in international trade: A further investigation," Journal of International Economics, Elsevier, vol. 75(1), pages 214-218, May.
    15. Lahiri, Bidisha & Han, Luyi, 2020. "Effect of product obsolescence on wages: Role of international trade and skill levels," Economics Letters, Elsevier, vol. 186(C).

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