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Financial Inclusion in Sub-Saharan Africa: Recent Trends and Determinants

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  • Patrick Opoku Asuming
  • Lotus Gyamfuah Osei-Agyei
  • Jabir Ibrahim Mohammed

Abstract

This paper conducts a comparative analysis of financial inclusion in 31 Sub-Saharan African countries using data from the global Findex database. We find that while the aggregate level of financial inclusion has increased significantly between 2011 and 2014, there are variations in both the level and rates of improvement among the countries. We also find that individual-level covariates (age, education, gender and wealth), macroeconomic variables (growth rate of GDP and presence of financial institutions) and Business Freedom are significant predictors of financial inclusion. Our findings suggest that financial inclusion policies should target key populations like women and young people.

Suggested Citation

  • Patrick Opoku Asuming & Lotus Gyamfuah Osei-Agyei & Jabir Ibrahim Mohammed, 2019. "Financial Inclusion in Sub-Saharan Africa: Recent Trends and Determinants," Journal of African Business, Taylor & Francis Journals, vol. 20(1), pages 112-134, January.
    • Handle: RePEc:taf:wjabxx:v:20:y:2019:i:1:p:112-134
    DOI: 10.1080/15228916.2018.1484209
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    Cited by:

    1. Kouladoum, Jean-Claude & Wirajing, Muhamadu Awal Kindzeka & Nchofoung, Tii N., 2022. "Digital technologies and financial inclusion in Sub-Saharan Africa," Telecommunications Policy, Elsevier, vol. 46(9).
    2. Alicia Girón & Amirreza Kazemikhasragh & Antonella Francesca Cicchiello & Eva Panetti, 2022. "Financial Inclusion Measurement in the Least Developed Countries in Asia and Africa," Journal of the Knowledge Economy, Springer;Portland International Center for Management of Engineering and Technology (PICMET), vol. 13(2), pages 1198-1211, June.
    3. Vieira, Kelmara Mendes & Matheis, Taiane Keila & Potrich, Ani Caroline Grigion & Puhle, Mayara de Carvalho & Bressan, Aureliano Angel & Klein, Leander Luiz, 2024. "Financial Freedom Perception Scale (FFPS): Construction and validation," Journal of Behavioral and Experimental Finance, Elsevier, vol. 41(C).
    4. Olatunji A. Shobande & Simplice A. Asongu, 2021. "Financial Development, Human Capital Development and Climate Change in East and Southern Africa," Working Papers 21/042, European Xtramile Centre of African Studies (EXCAS).
    5. Lan Khanh Chu, 2019. "Determinants of financial inclusions: comparing high, middle, and low-income countries," Economics Bulletin, AccessEcon, vol. 39(2), pages 1449-1457.
    6. Nchofoung, Tii N. & Asongu, Simplice A. & Tchamyou, Vanessa S., 2024. "Gender political inclusion and inclusive finance in Africa," Economic Systems, Elsevier, vol. 48(2).
    7. Alfonso Siano & Lukman Raimi & Maria Palazzo & Mirela Clementina Panait, 2020. "Mobile Banking: An Innovative Solution for Increasing Financial Inclusion in Sub-Saharan African Countries: Evidence from Nigeria," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 12(23), pages 1-24, December.
    8. Marybeth-Rouse & Bernardo Batiz-Lazo & Santiago Carbo-Valverde, 2023. "Financial inclusion in South Africa - Influencing factors and public policy," Papers 23001, Working Papers of Business and Economics School. Anahuac University (Mexico)..
    9. Ibrahim Niankara, 2022. "Government and private sectors' electronic transfer practices and financial inclusion in the economic community of the West African States," International Journal of Finance & Economics, John Wiley & Sons, Ltd., vol. 27(4), pages 4018-4047, October.
    10. Menyelim M. Chima & Abiola Ayopo Babajide & Alex Adegboye & Segun Kehinde & Oluwatobi Fasheyitan, 2021. "The Relevance of Financial Inclusion on Sustainable Economic Growth in Sub-Saharan African Nations," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 13(10), pages 1-20, May.
    11. Iza GIGAURI, 2022. "The Promise of Financial Inclusion for Developing Economies," International Journal of Management Science and Business Administration, Inovatus Services Ltd., vol. 8(6), pages 7-20, September.
    12. David Mhlanga, 2022. "An analysis of the influence of socioeconomic and demographic factors on financial inclusion in underdeveloped regions," International Journal of Research in Business and Social Science (2147-4478), Center for the Strategic Studies in Business and Finance, vol. 11(6), pages 341-349, September.
    13. Sulehri, Fiaz Ahmad & Ali, Amjad, 2024. "Financial Inclusion Dynamics: A Cross-Country Examination of Bank Concentration and Policy Strategies," MPRA Paper 121284, University Library of Munich, Germany.
    14. Fareeha Adil & Abdul Jalil, 2020. "Determining the Financial Inclusion Output of Banking Sector of Pakistan—Supply-Side Analysis," Economies, MDPI, vol. 8(2), pages 1-20, May.
    15. Florence Barugahara, 2021. "Financial Inclusion in Zimbabwe: Determinants, Challenges, and Opportunities," International Journal of Financial Research, International Journal of Financial Research, Sciedu Press, vol. 12(3), pages 261-270, May.
    16. Tendai Chikweche & James Lappeman & Paul Egan, 2024. "Marketing financial services in Africa: exploring the heterogeneous middle-class consumer across nine countries," Journal of Financial Services Marketing, Palgrave Macmillan, vol. 29(1), pages 1-16, March.
    17. Rocío Maehara & Luis Benites & Alvaro Talavera & Alejandro Aybar-Flores & Miguel Muñoz, 2024. "Predicting Financial Inclusion in Peru: Application of Machine Learning Algorithms," JRFM, MDPI, vol. 17(1), pages 1-25, January.
    18. Murshed, Muntasir & Ahmed, Rizwan & Al-Tal, Raad Mahmoud & Kumpamool, Chamaiporn & Vetchagool, Witchulada & Avarado, Rafael, 2023. "Determinants of financial inclusion in South Asia: The moderating and mediating roles of internal conflict settlement," Research in International Business and Finance, Elsevier, vol. 64(C).
    19. Amit Pandey & Ravi Kiran & Rakesh Kumar Sharma, 2023. "Investigating the Determinants of Financial Inclusion in BRICS Economies: Panel Data Analysis Using Fixed-Effect and Cross-Section Random Effect," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 15(2), pages 1-21, January.
    20. damane, moeti & Ho, Sin-Yu, 2023. "An exploratory study of financial inclusion in sub-saharan Africa," MPRA Paper 120239, University Library of Munich, Germany.
    21. Mohammed Seid Hussen & Mustafe Abdi Mohamed, 2023. "Impact of financial inclusion on household welfare in Ethiopia," Future Business Journal, Springer, vol. 9(1), pages 1-12, December.
    22. Dyah Titis Kusuma Wardani & Navi'ah Khusniati & Susilo Nur Aji Cokro Darsono, 2023. "Sociodemographic Effects on Financial Inclusion: Implications from Online Transaction in Developing-8 Countriesfrom Online Transaction in Developing-8 Countries Abstract: The world has reached the ind," Economics and Finance in Indonesia, Faculty of Economics and Business, University of Indonesia, vol. 69, pages 67-86, Juni.

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