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Inequality and demographic response to short-term economic stress in North Orkney, Scotland, 1855–1910: Sector differences

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  • Julia A. Jennings
  • Luciana Quaranta
  • Tommy Bengtsson

Abstract

We examine economic inequality and social differences in infant and child mortality, and fertility responses to food price changes in North Orkney, 1855–1910, using linked vital records. This small population featured a diverse occupational structure, limited land resources, and geographic isolation from mainland Scotland. Segments of Orkney’s non-agricultural working population were living so close to the margin of subsistence in normal years that an increase in food prices in bad years cost the lives of their children. Delayed childbearing, in addition to increased labour intensity, occupational diversification, and poor relief, failed to mitigate the negative effects of unfavourable prices in this group. While previous studies for Western Europe show a strong social gradient in mortality responses to food prices, and for Eastern Asia a strong household gradient, this study shows a strong sectoral gradient, indicating low standards of living for the non-agricultural working population well into the twentieth century.

Suggested Citation

  • Julia A. Jennings & Luciana Quaranta & Tommy Bengtsson, 2017. "Inequality and demographic response to short-term economic stress in North Orkney, Scotland, 1855–1910: Sector differences," Population Studies, Taylor & Francis Journals, vol. 71(3), pages 313-328, September.
    • Handle: RePEc:taf:rpstxx:v:71:y:2017:i:3:p:313-328
    DOI: 10.1080/00324728.2017.1346196
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    References listed on IDEAS

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    1. Tommy Bengtsson & Cameron Campbell & James Z. Lee, 2004. "Life Under Pressure: Mortality and Living Standards in Europe and Asia, 1700-1900," MIT Press Books, The MIT Press, edition 1, volume 1, number 0262025515, April.
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