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A Ladder of Citizen Participation

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  • Sherry R. Arnstein

Abstract

The heated controversy over “citizen participation,” “citizen control,” and “maximum feasible involvement of the poor,” has been waged largely in terms of exacerbated rhetoric and misleading euphemisms. To encourage a more enlightened dialogue, a typology of citizen participation is offered using examples from three federal social programs: urban renewal, anti-poverty, and Model Cities. The typology, which is designed to be provocative, is arranged in a ladder pattern with each rung corresponding to the extent of citizens’ power in determining the plan and/or program.

Suggested Citation

  • Sherry R. Arnstein, 2019. "A Ladder of Citizen Participation," Journal of the American Planning Association, Taylor & Francis Journals, vol. 85(1), pages 24-34, January.
    • Handle: RePEc:taf:rjpaxx:v:85:y:2019:i:1:p:24-34
    DOI: 10.1080/01944363.2018.1559388
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    1. Jurjonas, Matthew & Seekamp, Erin & Rivers, Louie & Cutts, Bethany, 2020. "Uncovering climate (in)justice with an adaptive capacity assessment: A multiple case study in rural coastal North Carolina," Land Use Policy, Elsevier, vol. 94(C).
    2. Cristian Campagnaro & Nicolò Di Prima & Sara Ceraolo, 2021. "Co‐Design and the Collective Creativity Processes in Care Systems and Places," Social Inclusion, Cogitatio Press, vol. 9(4), pages 130-142.
    3. Wang, Yongcheng & Yamaguchi, Keita & Wong, Yiik Diew, 2020. "The multivalent nexus of redevelopment and heritage conservation: A mixed-methods study of the site-level public consultation of urban development in Macao," Land Use Policy, Elsevier, vol. 99(C).
    4. Bieke Zaman, 2020. "Designing Technologies with and for Youth: Traps of Privacy by Design," Media and Communication, Cogitatio Press, vol. 8(4), pages 229-238.
    5. Anne Seneca Terkelsen & Christian Tolstrup Wester & Gabriel Gulis & Jørgen Jespersen & Pernille Tanggaard Andersen, 2022. "Co-Creation and Co-Production of Health Promoting Activities Addressing Older People—A Scoping Review," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 19(20), pages 1-20, October.
    6. Mketo, Ally Rajab & Ringo, Cliford J. & Nuhu, Said & Mpambije, Chakupewa Joseph, 2022. "Enhancing community participation for environmental health improvement in rural Tanzania: Evidence from Bukombe district," Evaluation and Program Planning, Elsevier, vol. 94(C).
    7. Anna Gabor & Florian Reinwald & Doris Damyanovic, 2023. "Methodological Framework for Fostering the Implementation of Climate-Responsive Public Spaces and Streetscapes to Support Multifunctional Design," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 15(4), pages 1-21, February.
    8. Veldhuizen, Caroline & Desouza, Kevin C. & Bandara, Wasana & Chang, Artemis, 2022. "How much is not enough: Corporate social responsibility and beyond in the resources sector," Resources Policy, Elsevier, vol. 79(C).
    9. Sigfrid Kjeldaas & Tim Dassler & Trine Antonsen & Odd-Gunnar Wikmark & Anne I. Myhr, 2023. "With great power comes great responsibility: why ‘safe enough’ is not good enough in debates on new gene technologies," Agriculture and Human Values, Springer;The Agriculture, Food, & Human Values Society (AFHVS), vol. 40(2), pages 533-545, June.
    10. Nurul Athirah Naserrudin & Richard Culleton & Pauline Yong Pau Lin & Sara Elizabeth Baumann & Rozita Hod & Mohammad Saffree Jeffree & Kamruddin Ahmed & Mohd Rohaizat Hassan, 2022. "Generating Trust in Participatory Research on Plasmodium knowlesi Malaria: A Study with Rural Community Gatekeepers during the COVID-19 Pandemic," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 19(23), pages 1-19, November.
    11. Noemi Laforgue & Marta Sabariego & Antonio Ruiz & Ana Belén Cano-Hila, 2022. "An Intersectional Analysis of Child and Adolescent Inclusion in Local Participation Processes," Social Inclusion, Cogitatio Press, vol. 10(2), pages 66-74.
    12. Elias Mseti & Eliza Mwakasangula, 2019. "Planning for Education Development Projects: Experiences from the Application of O&OD Approach in Kiroka Ward, Morogoro Rural District," International Journal of Human Resource Studies, Macrothink Institute, vol. 9(1), pages 191-207, December.
    13. Indranil De & Rooba Hasan & Mubashshir Iqbal, 2022. "Natural Treatment Systems and Importance of Social Cost Benefit Analysis in Developing Countries: A Critical Review," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 14(7), pages 1-15, March.
    14. Susan de Koning & Nathalie Steins & Luc van Hoof, 2021. "Balancing Sustainability Transitions through State-Led Participatory Processes: The Case of the Dutch North Sea Agreement," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 13(4), pages 1-16, February.
    15. Benedikt Lenzer & Christina Hoffmann & Peter Hoffmann & Ursula Müller-Werdan & Manuel Rupprecht & Christian Witt & Cornelius Herzig & Uta Liebers, 2021. "A Qualitative Study on Concerns, Needs, and Expectations of Hospital Patients Related to Climate Change: Arguments for a Patient-Centered Adaptation," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 18(11), pages 1-13, June.
    16. Matamanda, Abraham R. & Chinozvina, Queen L., 2020. "Driving Forces of Citizen Participation in Urban Development Practice in Harare, Zimbabwe," Land Use Policy, Elsevier, vol. 99(C).

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