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Innovation in Europe: A Tale of Networks, Knowledge and Trade in Five Cities

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  • James Simmie
  • James Sennett
  • Peter Wood
  • Doug Hart

Abstract

This paper identifies four groups of theory that seek to explain the relationships between innovation and space. These are traditional agglomeration theory, networking, learning and new competitiveness theory. Evidence on the last three, most recent theories is sought by analysing the results of comparable surveys of innovative firms in Amsterdam, London, Milan, Paris and Stuttgart. The empirical results show that differences occur in the external relationships between firms and the global economy with respect to specific innovation projects. Broadly speaking the main differences identified show that in regional cities such as Stuttgart and Milan innovative activities are more linked to their regional and national economies than they are in the international world cities such as Paris and London. This suggests that attempts to generalize the network paradigm on industrial production are premature at least as far as innovation is concerned. Conversely, the data demonstrate the significance of trading systems between firms both in terms of knowledge acquisition and the supply of inputs to, and demands for, innovation. Many of these are located internationally. International innovation trading systems are therefore shown to be key features of the geography of innovation. Cet article identifie quatre groupes de theories qui cherchent a expliquer le rapport entre l'innovation et l'espace: a savoir, la theorie d'agglomeration classique, la constitution de reseaux, l'apprentissage, et la nouvelle theorie de competitivite. A partir d'une analyse des resultats provenant des enquetes comparables aupres des entreprises innovatrices situees a Amsterdam, a Londres, a Milan, a Paris et a Stuttgart, on cherche des preuves en ce qui concerne les trois dernieres theories, qui sont les plus recentes. Les resultats empiriques laissent voir qu'il existe des differences dans les rapports externes entre des entreprises et l'economie mondiale quant a certains projets a caractere innovateur. En regle generale, les principales differences identifiees demontrent que dans les grandes villes d'importance regionale, voire Stuttgart et Milan, les projets a caractere innovateur s'averent plus lies aux economies regionale et nationale que ne le sont les grandes villes d'importance internationale, voire Paris et Londres. Cela laisse supposer que les tentatives de generaliser le paradigme des reseaux a propos de la production industrielle sont prematurees, du moins pour ce qui est de l'innovation. Par contre, les donnees demontrent l'importance des systemes d'echanges interentreprises, a la fois en termes de l'acquisition de connaissances, l'offre de facteurs necessaires a l'innovation et la demande d'innovation, disponibles en large partie sur le plan international. Il s'ave ¤ re alors que les syste ¤ mes d'echanges relatifs a ¤ l'innovation internationale sont des elements cles de la geographie de l'innovation. Dieser Aufsatz stellt vier Theoriekreise heraus, die Beziehungen zwischen Innovation und Raum zu erklaren suchen: die traditionelle Agglomerationstheorie, Rechnerverbund, Lernen und die neue Theorie der Wettbewerbsfahigkeit. Beweise der drei letzteren, erst kurzlich aufgestellten Theorien werden mittels Analyse der Ergebnisse vergleichbarer Untersuchungen innovativer Firmen in Amsterdam, London, Mailand, Paris und Stuttgart aufgestellt. Die empirischen Ergebnisse zeigen, dass im Hinblick auf spezifische Innovationsprojekte Unterschiede in den Aussenbeziehungen zwischen Firmen und der globalen Wirtschaft auftreten. Allgemein gesehen, zeigen die Hauptunterschiede, die als solche erkannt werden, dass in regionalen Hauptstadten wie Stuttgart und Mailand innovative Tatigkeit enger mit der Regional- und Landeswirtschaft verknupft ist als in internationalen Weltstadten wie Paris und London. Dies legt nahe, dass Versuche, das Musterbeispiel des Rechnerverbunds fur Industrieproduktion zu verallgemeinern, verfruht sind, zumindest insoweit als sie Innovation betreffen. Umgekehrt zeigen die Daten die Signifikanz der Handelssysteme zwischen Firmen auf, und zwar sowohl in Bezug auf ihre Aneignung von Kenntnissen als auch hinsichtlich des Angebots von Aufwand fur und der Nachfrage nach Innovation. Viele davon haben internationale Standorte. Internationale, Innovationshandel betreibende Systeme erweisen sich deshalb als die Hauptzu¨ge der Innovationsgeographie.

Suggested Citation

  • James Simmie & James Sennett & Peter Wood & Doug Hart, 2002. "Innovation in Europe: A Tale of Networks, Knowledge and Trade in Five Cities," Regional Studies, Taylor & Francis Journals, vol. 36(1), pages 47-64.
  • Handle: RePEc:taf:regstd:v:36:y:2002:i:1:p:47-64
    DOI: 10.1080/00343400120099852
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    References listed on IDEAS

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    1. Makkonen Teemu, 2011. "Innovation and Regional Socio-Economic Development - Evidence from the Finnish Local Administrative Units (1)," Bulletin of Geography. Socio-economic Series, Sciendo, vol. 15(15), pages 27-42, January.
    2. Alfredo Cartone & Domenica Panzera, 2021. "Deprivation at local level: Practical problems and policy implications for the province of Milan," Regional Science Policy & Practice, Wiley Blackwell, vol. 13(1), pages 43-61, February.
    3. Hammer, Andrea, 2014. "Innovation of knowledge intensive service firms in urban areas," Working Paper Series in Economics 63, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Department of Economics and Management.
    4. Stephan Brunow & Valentina Nafts, 2013. "What types of firms tend to be more innovative: A study on Germany," Norface Discussion Paper Series 2013021, Norface Research Programme on Migration, Department of Economics, University College London.
    5. Ganesh Pillai, Rajani & Bindroo, Vishal, 2020. "Supplier cluster characteristics and innovation outcomes," Journal of Business Research, Elsevier, vol. 112(C), pages 576-583.
    6. Nick Clifton & Robyn Keast & David Pickernell & Martyn Senior, 2010. "Network Structure, Knowledge Governance, and Firm Performance: Evidence from Innovation Networks and SMEs in the UK," Growth and Change, Wiley Blackwell, vol. 41(3), pages 337-373, September.
    7. Rupert Waters & Helen Lawton Smith, 2014. "Universities and science and engineering labour markets in high-technology local economies: the cases of Oxfordshire and Cambridgeshire," Chapters, in: Charlie Karlsson & Börje Johansson & Kiyoshi Kobayashi & Roger R. Stough (ed.), Knowledge, Innovation and Space, chapter 11, pages 265-286, Edward Elgar Publishing.
    8. Martijn J. Smit & Maria A. Abreu & Henri L.F. Groot, 2015. "Micro-evidence on the determinants of innovation in the Netherlands: The relative importance of absorptive capacity and agglomeration externalities," Papers in Regional Science, Wiley Blackwell, vol. 94(2), pages 249-272, June.
    9. Willem van Winden & Leo van den Berg & Peter Pol, 2007. "European Cities in the Knowledge Economy: Towards a Typology," Urban Studies, Urban Studies Journal Limited, vol. 44(3), pages 525-549, March.
    10. Świadek Arkadiusz, 2007. "Technology and Space in Innovation Performance of Polish Regions," Folia Oeconomica Stetinensia, Sciendo, vol. 6(1), pages 141-152, January.
    11. Wilhelmsson, Mats, 2007. "The Spatial Distribution of Innovation Networks," Working Paper Series in Economics and Institutions of Innovation 91, Royal Institute of Technology, CESIS - Centre of Excellence for Science and Innovation Studies.
    12. Ivan Turok, 2009. "The Distinctive City: Pitfalls in the Pursuit of Differential Advantage," Environment and Planning A, , vol. 41(1), pages 13-30, January.
    13. Christophe CARRINCAZEAUX (E3I-IFReDE-GRES) & Frédéric GASCHET (IERSO-IFReDE-GRES), 2006. "Knowledge and the diversity of innovation systems: a comparative analysis of European regions," Cahiers du GRES (2002-2009) 2006-29, Groupement de Recherches Economiques et Sociales.
    14. Pradhan, Jaya Prakash, 2013. "The Geography of Patenting In India: Patterns and Determinants," MPRA Paper 50595, University Library of Munich, Germany.
    15. Aurélie LALANNE & Guillaume POUYANNE, 2012. "Ten years of metropolization in economics: a bibliometric approach (In French)," Cahiers du GREThA (2007-2019) 2012-11, Groupe de Recherche en Economie Théorique et Appliquée (GREThA).
    16. Mats Wilhelmsson, 2009. "The spatial distribution of inventor networks," The Annals of Regional Science, Springer;Western Regional Science Association, vol. 43(3), pages 645-668, September.
    17. Ayse Nur Albayrak & Gulden Erkut, 2011. "Automotive Industry in Istanbul and Eastern Marmara Region: An Innovative Cluster?," ERSA conference papers ersa10p667, European Regional Science Association.
    18. de Goei, B. & Burger, M.J. & van Oort, F.G. & Kitson, M., 2009. "Functional Polycentrism and Urban Network Development in the Greater South East UK: Evidence from Commuting Patterns, 1981-2001," ERIM Report Series Research in Management ERS-2009-038-ORG, Erasmus Research Institute of Management (ERIM), ERIM is the joint research institute of the Rotterdam School of Management, Erasmus University and the Erasmus School of Economics (ESE) at Erasmus University Rotterdam.
    19. Dandan Li & Yehua Dennis Wei & Changhong Miao & Yangyi Wu & Weiye Xiao, 2019. "Innovation, Network Capabilities, and Sustainable Development of Regional Economies in China," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 11(17), pages 1-21, September.
    20. Andrea Filippetti & Antonio Zinilli, 2023. "The innovation networks of city-regions in Europe: exclusive clubs or inclusive hubs?," Working Papers 63, Birkbeck Centre for Innovation Management Research, revised 08 Feb 2023.
    21. Lutz Eigenhüller & Nicole Litzel & Stefan Fuchs, 2015. "Who with whom: Co-operation activities in a cluster region," Papers in Regional Science, Wiley Blackwell, vol. 94(3), pages 469-497, August.
    22. Zhongfan JING & Guang ZHANG, 2016. "On the Structural Features of Scientific and Technological Innovation Network in China’s Urban System: Based on the Analysis of Cooperation Network of High-Level Papers," Chinese Journal of Urban and Environmental Studies (CJUES), World Scientific Publishing Co. Pte. Ltd., vol. 4(04), pages 1-22, December.
    23. Mark Freel & Richard Harrison, 2006. "Innovation and cooperation in the small firm sector: Evidence from 'Northern Britain'," Regional Studies, Taylor & Francis Journals, vol. 40(4), pages 289-305.

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