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Structural Causes of Vulnerability to Flood Hazard in Pakistan

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  • Daanish Mustafa

Abstract

This paper uses recent theoretical advances in the field of hazards research to inform the analysis of an empirical study on flood hazard conducted in central Pakistan. The investigation seeks to understand the causes of vulnerability and their development that culminates in disaster, with the basic presumption that empirical events have causal links going back to societal structures which are not measurable but contain the mechanisms that lead to the events and their perceptions. A case study in five villages of central Pakistan was conducted to understand the elements of communities’ and social groups’ differential vulnerability to flood hazard. The elements of vulnerability are situated within a tripartite conceptual space of vulnerability, composed of entitlement relations, empowerment relations, and political economy. A modified “pressure and release” model was applied to the field survey results to understand the progression of vulnerability from the structural abstract level to the concrete level of physical disasters. I concluded that the study communities’ vulnerability was largely a function of their disempowerment.

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  • Daanish Mustafa, 1998. "Structural Causes of Vulnerability to Flood Hazard in Pakistan," Economic Geography, Taylor & Francis Journals, vol. 74(3), pages 289-305, July.
    • Handle: RePEc:taf:recgxx:v:74:y:1998:i:3:p:289-305
    DOI: 10.1111/j.1944-8287.1998.tb00117.x
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    Cited by:

    1. W. Neil Adger & Saleemul Huq & Katrina Brown & Declan Conway & Mike Hulme, 2003. "Adaptation to climate change in the developing world," Progress in Development Studies, , vol. 3(3), pages 179-195, July.
    2. Barrett, Sam, 2014. "Subnational Climate Justice? Adaptation Finance Distribution and Climate Vulnerability," World Development, Elsevier, vol. 58(C), pages 130-142.
    3. Hualin Cheng & Zhiyi Chen & Yu Huang, 2022. "Quantitative physical model of vulnerability of buildings to urban flow slides in construction solid waste landfills: a case study of the 2015 Shenzhen flow slide," Natural Hazards: Journal of the International Society for the Prevention and Mitigation of Natural Hazards, Springer;International Society for the Prevention and Mitigation of Natural Hazards, vol. 112(2), pages 1567-1587, June.
    4. Claude Berrebi & Jordan Ostwald, 2011. "Earthquakes, hurricanes, and terrorism: do natural disasters incite terror?," Public Choice, Springer, vol. 149(3), pages 383-403, December.
    5. Samuel Codjoe & Samuel Afuduo, 2015. "Geophysical, socio-demographic characteristics and perception of flood vulnerability in Accra, Ghana," Natural Hazards: Journal of the International Society for the Prevention and Mitigation of Natural Hazards, Springer;International Society for the Prevention and Mitigation of Natural Hazards, vol. 77(2), pages 787-804, June.
    6. Claude Berrebi & Jordan Ostwald, 2013. "Exploiting the Chaos: Terrorist Target Choice Following Natural Disasters," Southern Economic Journal, John Wiley & Sons, vol. 79(4), pages 793-811, April.
    7. Tania López-Marrero & Brent Yarnal, 2010. "Putting adaptive capacity into the context of people’s lives: a case study of two flood-prone communities in Puerto Rico," Natural Hazards: Journal of the International Society for the Prevention and Mitigation of Natural Hazards, Springer;International Society for the Prevention and Mitigation of Natural Hazards, vol. 52(2), pages 277-297, February.
    8. Hallie Eakin & Kirsten Appendini, 2008. "Livelihood change, farming, and managing flood risk in the Lerma Valley, Mexico," Agriculture and Human Values, Springer;The Agriculture, Food, & Human Values Society (AFHVS), vol. 25(4), pages 555-566, December.
    9. Claude Berrebi & Jordan Ostwald, 2011. "Earthquakes, hurricanes, and terrorism: do natural disasters incite terror?," Public Choice, Springer, vol. 149(3), pages 383-403, December.
    10. Atta-ur-Rahman & Amir Khan, 2011. "Analysis of flood causes and associated socio-economic damages in the Hindukush region," Natural Hazards: Journal of the International Society for the Prevention and Mitigation of Natural Hazards, Springer;International Society for the Prevention and Mitigation of Natural Hazards, vol. 59(3), pages 1239-1260, December.
    11. Iqbal, Muhammad & Ahmad, Munir & Mustafa, Ghulam, 2015. "Climate Change, Vulnerability, Food Security and Human Health in Rural Pakistan: A Gender Perspective," MPRA Paper 72866, University Library of Munich, Germany.
    12. Sophie Blackburn, 2018. "What Does Transformation Look Like? Post-Disaster Politics and the Case for Progressive Rehabilitation," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 10(7), pages 1-18, July.
    13. Lianxiao & Takehiro Morimoto, 2019. "Spatial Analysis of Social Vulnerability to Floods Based on the MOVE Framework and Information Entropy Method: Case Study of Katsushika Ward, Tokyo," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 11(2), pages 1-19, January.
    14. Sam Barrett, 2015. "Subnational Adaptation Finance Allocation: Comparing Decentralized and Devolved Political Institutions in Kenya," Global Environmental Politics, MIT Press, vol. 15(3), pages 118-139, August.
    15. Fahad, Shah & Wang, Jianling, 2018. "Farmers’ risk perception, vulnerability, and adaptation to climate change in rural Pakistan," Land Use Policy, Elsevier, vol. 79(C), pages 301-309.
    16. Charles Cohen & Eric D. Werker, 2008. "The Political Economy of ``Natural'' Disasters," Journal of Conflict Resolution, Peace Science Society (International), vol. 52(6), pages 795-819, December.
    17. Samjhana Adhikari & Nabin Dhungana & Suraj Upadhaya, 2020. "Watershed communities’ livelihood vulnerability to climate change in the Himalayas," Climatic Change, Springer, vol. 162(3), pages 1307-1321, October.
    18. Ali Jamshed & Joern Birkmann & Daniel Feldmeyer & Irfan Ahmad Rana, 2020. "A Conceptual Framework to Understand the Dynamics of Rural–Urban Linkages for Rural Flood Vulnerability," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 12(7), pages 1-25, April.

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