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Protectionism, Competitiveness and Inequality: Cross-Country Evidence from Soccer

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  • Hakan Yilmazkuday

Abstract

Using club-level data on domestic-league and international points from 73 countries, this paper achieves a policy evaluation of country-specific regulations regarding soccer success. The results show that restrictions on foreign direct investment reduce the international competitiveness of clubs, whereas restrictions on international migration policies have no significant impact on it. Domestic inequality across clubs increases with restrictions on a minimum number of home-grown players, while it goes down with restrictions on foreign direct investment or restrictions on a maximum number of foreign players. The results are robust to the consideration of other domestic regulations, market value of clubs or number of matches played.

Suggested Citation

  • Hakan Yilmazkuday, 2022. "Protectionism, Competitiveness and Inequality: Cross-Country Evidence from Soccer," International Economic Journal, Taylor & Francis Journals, vol. 36(2), pages 171-192, April.
    • Handle: RePEc:taf:intecj:v:36:y:2022:i:2:p:171-192
    DOI: 10.1080/10168737.2022.2062613
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    More about this item

    JEL classification:

    • F21 - International Economics - - International Factor Movements and International Business - - - International Investment; Long-Term Capital Movements
    • F22 - International Economics - - International Factor Movements and International Business - - - International Migration
    • Z28 - Other Special Topics - - Sports Economics - - - Policy

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