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Making tourism work for the poor: Strategies and challenges in southern Africa

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  • Caroline Ashley
  • Dilys Roe

Abstract

This article analyses strategies for 'pro-poor tourism' (PPT), ie strategies that increase the benefits to poor people from tourism development. Based on an international review of six pro-poor tourism case studies, it outlines the wide range of pro-poor tourism strategies used and their impacts to date, with particular focus on southern African case studies. By analysing their progress, problems and the critical factors influencing them, the article identifies implications for the way forward. This review underpins four propositions. First, despite commercial constraints, much can be done to enhance the contribution of tourism to poverty reduction, and a 'PPT' perspective assists in this endeavour. Secondly, PPT strategies can, and should be, incorporated by all actors in tourism, whether in government or business, at local or policy level. Thirdly, a wide range of impacts on poor people, going well beyond jobs, need to be recognised and enhanced. Finally, PPT strategies are difficult, but particularly relevant in southern Africa given the challenges of economic and political transformation, as well as the opportunity to influence international discussions on 'sustainable tourism' at the World Summit on Sustainable Development in Johannesburg in 2002.

Suggested Citation

  • Caroline Ashley & Dilys Roe, 2002. "Making tourism work for the poor: Strategies and challenges in southern Africa," Development Southern Africa, Taylor & Francis Journals, vol. 19(1), pages 61-82.
    • Handle: RePEc:taf:deveza:v:19:y:2002:i:1:p:61-82
    DOI: 10.1080/03768350220123855
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    Cited by:

    1. Kwaramba, Hazel M. & Lovett, Jon C. & Louw, Lynette & Chipumuro, Juliet, 2012. "Emotional confidence levels and success of tourism development for poverty reduction: The South African Kwam eMakana home-stay project," Tourism Management, Elsevier, vol. 33(4), pages 885-894.
    2. Haretsebe Manwa & Farai Manwa, 2014. "Poverty Alleviation through Pro-Poor Tourism: The Role of Botswana Forest Reserves," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 6(9), pages 1-17, August.
    3. Yaping Liu & Zhe Huang & Jin Chen & Linlin Nie, 2023. "Diagnosis of the Livelihood Sustainability and Its Obstacle Factors for Poverty-Alleviation-Relocation Residents in Tourism Communities: Data from China," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 15(7), pages 1-27, April.
    4. Shackleton, Charlie M. & Shackleton, Sheona E. & Buiten, Erik & Bird, Neil, 2007. "The importance of dry woodlands and forests in rural livelihoods and poverty alleviation in South Africa," Forest Policy and Economics, Elsevier, vol. 9(5), pages 558-577, January.
    5. Sarker, M Sazzadur Rahman & Sayem, Sheikh Mohammad & Alam, M Akhtarul & Rahman, Khandaker M Mostafizur, 2020. "Livelihood And Food Security Status Of The Working People In Safari Parks Of Bangladesh: A Multivariate Regression Analysis," Bangladesh Journal of Agricultural Economics, Bangladesh Agricultural University, vol. 40(1&2), February.
    6. Magombo Alice & Rogerson Christian M. & Rogerson Jayne M., 2017. "Accommodation services for competitive tourism in Sub-Saharan Africa: Historical evidence from Malawi," Bulletin of Geography. Socio-economic Series, Sciendo, vol. 38(38), pages 73-92, December.
    7. Faridul Islam & Jack Carlsen, 2016. "Indigenous communities, tourism development and extreme poverty alleviation in rural Bangladesh," Tourism Economics, , vol. 22(3), pages 645-654, June.
    8. Birame Sarr & Matías Manuel González-Hernández & Jose Boza-Chirino & Javier de León, 2020. "Understanding Communities’ Disaffection to Participate in Tourism in Protected Areas: A Social Representational Approach," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 12(9), pages 1-22, May.
    9. Iza Lejárraga & Peter Walkenhorst, 2013. "Economic policy, tourism trade and productive diversification," International Economics, CEPII research center, issue 135-136, pages 1-12.
    10. Sebele, Lesego S., 2010. "Community-based tourism ventures, benefits and challenges: Khama Rhino Sanctuary Trust, Central District, Botswana," Tourism Management, Elsevier, vol. 31(1), pages 136-146.
    11. Rid, Wolfgang & Ezeuduji, Ikechukwu O. & Pröbstl-Haider, Ulrike, 2014. "Segmentation by motivation for rural tourism activities in The Gambia," Tourism Management, Elsevier, vol. 40(C), pages 102-116.
    12. Stephanie Jones & Taghreed Badawoud & Mohammad Reza, 2012. "Corporate Social Responsibility: Transparency, Ethics and Governance in Emerging Markets," Working Papers 2012/09, Maastricht School of Management.
    13. Rongna, A. & Sun, Jiuxia, 2022. "Tourism livelihood transition and rhythmic sustainability: The case of the Reindeer Evenki in China," Annals of Tourism Research, Elsevier, vol. 94(C).
    14. Lei Zhu & Jing Hu & Jiahui Xu & Yannan Li & Mangmang Liang, 2022. "Spatial Distribution Characteristics and Influencing Factors of Pro-Poor Tourism Villages in China," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 14(23), pages 1-20, November.
    15. Regina Scheyvens, 2007. "Poor cousins no more," Progress in Development Studies, , vol. 7(4), pages 307-325, October.
    16. Yaobin Wang & Ying Song & Guangfeng Chen & Shihua Huang & Meizhen Wang & Yinggang Pan, 2021. "The Measurement and Temporal and Spatial Evolution of Tourism Poverty Alleviation Efficiency in the Liupan Mountain Area of Gansu Province, China," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 13(22), pages 1-19, November.
    17. Namhyun Kim & HakJun Song & Ju Hyun Pyun, 2016. "The relationship among tourism, poverty, and economic development in developing countries," Tourism Economics, , vol. 22(6), pages 1174-1190, December.
    18. Renuka Mahadevan & Hidayat Amir & Anda Nugroho, 2017. "Regional impacts of tourism-led growth on poverty and income inequality," Tourism Economics, , vol. 23(3), pages 614-631, May.
    19. Thomas, Rhodri & Shaw, Gareth & Page, Stephen J., 2011. "Understanding small firms in tourism: A perspective on research trends and challenges," Tourism Management, Elsevier, vol. 32(5), pages 963-976.
    20. Ting Xu & Zhike Lv, 2023. "The effect of tourism on the shadow economy: The level of economic development is key," Tourism Economics, , vol. 29(8), pages 2129-2142, December.
    21. Xia Wang & Peiru Cai, 2022. "The relationship between tourism development and multidimensional poverty reduction: A decoupling analysis," Quality & Quantity: International Journal of Methodology, Springer, vol. 56(4), pages 2501-2518, August.
    22. Fortanier, Fabienne & van Wijk, Jeroen, 2010. "Sustainable tourism industry development in sub-Saharan Africa: Consequences of foreign hotels for local employment," International Business Review, Elsevier, vol. 19(2), pages 191-205, April.
    23. Ranjith Bandara, 2004. "Economic Value of Conservation: The Case of the Asian Elephant," South Asia Economic Journal, Institute of Policy Studies of Sri Lanka, vol. 5(2), pages 283-300, September.
    24. Miroslav Horák & Samuel Antwi Darkwah & Nahanga Verter, 2014. "Tourism as a Poverty Reduction Tool: The Case of Mukuni Village in the Southern Province of Zambia," Acta Universitatis Agriculturae et Silviculturae Mendelianae Brunensis, Mendel University Press, vol. 62(6), pages 1287-1292.

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