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Assessing and Interpreting Non-conformance in Land-use Planning Implementation

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  • Carolyn Loh

Abstract

Planners studying implementation continue to search for better ways to determine whether and how well plans have been implemented. Even when we can identify areas of non-conformance between plans and outcomes, it can be unclear how to interpret them. This paper presents a conformance-based framework for evaluating plan implementation based on a GIS comparison of planned versus actual land use. This method is especially useful for making distinctions between instances of non-conformance that are benign artifacts of the development process and those that suggest the presence of breakdowns in the planning process.

Suggested Citation

  • Carolyn Loh, 2011. "Assessing and Interpreting Non-conformance in Land-use Planning Implementation," Planning Practice & Research, Taylor & Francis Journals, vol. 26(3), pages 271-287.
    • Handle: RePEc:taf:cpprxx:v:26:y:2011:i:3:p:271-287
    DOI: 10.1080/02697459.2011.580111
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    Cited by:

    1. Daphna Levine & Shai Sussman & Meirav Aharon-Gutman, 2022. "Spatial-temporal patterns of self-organization: A dynamic 4D model for redeveloping the post-zoning city," Environment and Planning B, , vol. 49(3), pages 1005-1023, March.
    2. He, Zhichao & Zhao, Chunhong & Fürst, Christine & Hersperger, Anna M., 2021. "Closer to causality: How effective is spatial planning in governing built-up land expansion in Fujian Province, China?," Land Use Policy, Elsevier, vol. 108(C).
    3. Ding, Liang & Huang, Ziqian & Xiao, Chaowei, 2023. "Are human activities consistent with planning? A big data evaluation of master plan implementation in Changchun," Land Use Policy, Elsevier, vol. 126(C).
    4. Meng Wang & Aleksandra Krstikj & Huan Liu, 2022. "Planning Compact City in Rapidly Growing Cities—An Estimation of the Effects of New-Type Urbanization Planning in Hangzhou City," Land, MDPI, vol. 11(11), pages 1-16, October.
    5. Loh, Carolyn G., 2019. "Placemaking and implementation: Revisiting the performance principle," Land Use Policy, Elsevier, vol. 81(C), pages 68-75.
    6. Mark Limb & Carl Grodach & Paul Donehue & Severine Mayere, 2021. "When plans are used to no effect: Considering implementation performance of greater Brisbane’s compact activity centre policies," Environment and Planning B, , vol. 48(7), pages 1860-1875, September.
    7. Lingli Li & Jinjie Wang & Chaoxian Yang & Chaofu Wei, 2021. "Implementation Process of General Land-Use Planning and Its Adjustment—A Case Study of Rongchang District in Chongqing, China," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 18(11), pages 1-24, May.
    8. Jianwei Li & Guo'ao Li & Jingang Li & Aoran Liu, 2022. "Integrating conformance and performance for the evaluation of urban planning implementation from a goal-oriented perspective," Environment and Planning B, , vol. 49(2), pages 737-753, February.
    9. Dragana S. Nikolić & Marijana D. Pantić & Vesna T. Jokić, 2021. "Urban and Spatial Planning: Pragmatic Considerations for Plan Implementation Improvements (A Case Study of the City of Bor)," SAGE Open, , vol. 11(1), pages 21582440219, February.
    10. Thériault, Marius & Le Berre, Iwan & Dubé, Jean & Maulpoix, Adeline & Vandersmissen, Marie-Hélène, 2020. "The effects of land use planning on housing spread: A case study in the region of Brest, France," Land Use Policy, Elsevier, vol. 92(C).
    11. Liu, Tao & Huang, Daquan & Tan, Xin & Kong, Fanhao, 2020. "Planning consistency and implementation in urbanizing China: Comparing urban and land use plans in suburban Beijing," Land Use Policy, Elsevier, vol. 94(C).
    12. Brenner, Anna-Katharina & Haas, Willi & Krüger, Tobias & Matej, Sarah & Haberl, Helmut & Schug, Franz & Wiedenhofer, Dominik & Behnisch, Martin & Jaeger, Jochen A.G. & Pichler, Melanie, 2024. "What drives densification and sprawl in cities? A spatially explicit assessment for Vienna, between 1984 and 2018," Land Use Policy, Elsevier, vol. 138(C).
    13. Małgorzata Blaszke & Iwona Foryś & Maciej J. Nowak & Bartosz Mickiewicz, 2022. "Selected Characteristics of Municipalities as Determinants of Enactment in Municipal Spatial Plans for Renewable Energy Sources—The Case of Poland," Energies, MDPI, vol. 15(19), pages 1-16, October.
    14. Ward Lyles & Philip Berke & Gavin Smith, 2016. "Local plan implementation: assessing conformance and influence of local plans in the United States," Environment and Planning B, , vol. 43(2), pages 381-400, March.
    15. Karakadzai, Thomas & Bandauko, Elmond & Chaeruka, Joel & Arku, Godwin, 2023. "Examining the conformance of development to local spatial plans amid rapid urbanisation in Harare, Zimbabwe," Land Use Policy, Elsevier, vol. 126(C).
    16. Liang Ding & Cheng Shi & Xinyi Niu, 2020. "Evaluation of Plan Implementation in the Fast-Growing Chinese Mega-City: A Case of a Polycentric System in Hangzhou Core Built-Up Area," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 12(5), pages 1-18, February.
    17. Sidong Zhao & Xingping Wang & Xuefeng Hu & Dongxue Li, 2020. "Evaluation Research on Planning Implementation of Chinese Overseas Economic and Trade Cooperation Zones along the Belt and Road: Evidence from Longjiang Industrial Park, Vietnam," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 12(20), pages 1-22, October.
    18. Guan Li & Liping Wang & Cifang Wu & Zhongguo Xu & Yuefei Zhuo & Xiaoqiang Shen, 2022. "Spatial Planning Implementation Effectiveness: Review and Research Prospects," Land, MDPI, vol. 11(8), pages 1-20, August.
    19. Li, Bingqing & Wang, Zhanqi & Chai, Ji & Zhang, Di, 2019. "Index system to assess implementation of strategic land use plans in China," Land Use Policy, Elsevier, vol. 88(C).
    20. Xiaoqiang Shen & Jinping Wang & Xiaobin Zhang & Hanlu Bei, 2022. "Review of Research on Non-Conforming Urban Expansion: Measurement, Interpretation, and Governance," Land, MDPI, vol. 11(12), pages 1-21, November.
    21. Jamila Ngondo & Joseph Mango & Ruiqing Liu & Joel Nobert & Alfonse Dubi & Heqin Cheng, 2021. "Land-Use and Land-Cover (LULC) Change Detection and the Implications for Coastal Water Resource Management in the Wami–Ruvu Basin, Tanzania," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 13(8), pages 1-23, April.
    22. Guan Li & Zhongguo Xu & Cifang Wu & Yuefei Zhuo & Xinhua Tong & Yanfei Wei & Xiaoqiang Shen, 2019. "Inside or Outside? The Impact Factors of Zoning–Land Use Mismatch," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 12(1), pages 1-25, December.
    23. Sophie C Rudolf & Simona R Grădinaru, 2019. "The quality and implementation of local plans: An integrated evaluation," Environment and Planning B, , vol. 46(5), pages 880-896, June.

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