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Hanging in, stepping up and stepping out: livelihood aspirations and strategies of the poor

Author

Listed:
  • Andrew Dorward
  • Simon Anderson
  • Yolanda Nava Bernal
  • Ernesto Sánchez Vera
  • Jonathan Rushton
  • James Pattison
  • Rodrigo Paz

Abstract

In recent years understanding of poverty and of ways in which people escape from or fall into poverty has become more holistic. This should improve the capabilities of policy analysts and others working to reduce poverty, but it also makes analysis more complex. This article describes a simple schema which integrates multi-dimensional, multi-level, and dynamic understandings of poverty, of poor people's livelihoods, and of changing roles of agricultural systems. The article suggests three broad types of strategy pursued by poor people: ‘hanging in’, ‘stepping up’, and ‘stepping out’. This simple schema explicitly recognises the dynamic aspirations of poor people, diversity among them, and livelihood diversification. It also brings together aspirations of poor people with wider sectoral, inter-sectoral, and macro-economic questions about policies necessary for the realisation of those aspirations.

Suggested Citation

  • Andrew Dorward & Simon Anderson & Yolanda Nava Bernal & Ernesto Sánchez Vera & Jonathan Rushton & James Pattison & Rodrigo Paz, 2009. "Hanging in, stepping up and stepping out: livelihood aspirations and strategies of the poor," Development in Practice, Taylor & Francis Journals, vol. 19(2), pages 240-247, April.
    • Handle: RePEc:taf:cdipxx:v:19:y:2009:i:2:p:240-247
    DOI: 10.1080/09614520802689535
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    Cited by:

    1. Khosla, Sunil & Jena, Pradyot Ranjan & Rahut, Dil Bahadur, 2023. "Can rural livelihood programs enhance capabilities and reduce vulnerability to poverty? Evidence from a tribal region of eastern India," Economic Analysis and Policy, Elsevier, vol. 77(C), pages 85-98.
    2. Hammond, James & Pagella, Tim & Caulfield, Mark E. & Fraval, Simon & Teufel, Nils & Wichern, Jannike & Kihoro, Esther & Herrero, Mario & Rosenstock, Todd S. & van Wijk, Mark T., 2023. "Poverty dynamics and the determining factors among East African smallholder farmers," Agricultural Systems, Elsevier, vol. 206(C).
    3. Roengchai Tansuchat & Sittichok Plaiphum, 2023. "Assessing Food and Livelihood Security in Sea Salt Community: A GIAHS Study in Ban Laem, Phetchaburi, Thailand," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 15(21), pages 1-29, October.
    4. Timu, Anne G. & Hazell, Peter & Savastano, Sara, 2024. "An approach for assessing whether agricultural projects help smallholders transition to better livelihood strategies: A malawian case study," Food Policy, Elsevier, vol. 128(C).
    5. Chunyun Li & Sarosh Kuruvilla, 2023. "Corporate codes of conduct and labour turnover in global apparel supply chains," British Journal of Industrial Relations, London School of Economics, vol. 61(3), pages 481-505, September.
    6. Sylvain Efio & Etotépé A. Sogbohossou & Yves Z. Magnon & Bertrand Hamaide & Rigobert C. Tossou & Brice A. Sinsin, 2024. "Vulnerability of Agricultural Households to Human–Wildlife Conflicts around Pendjari Biosphere Reserve in Northern Benin," Land, MDPI, vol. 13(9), pages 1-16, September.
    7. Urfels, Anton & Mausch, Kai & Harris, Dave & McDonald, Andrew J. & Kishore, Avinash & Balwinder-Singh, & van Halsema, Gerardo & Struik, Paul C. & Craufurd, Peter & Foster, Timothy & Singh, Vartika & K, 2023. "Farm size limits agriculture's poverty reduction potential in Eastern India even with irrigation-led intensification," Agricultural Systems, Elsevier, vol. 207(C).
    8. Bustamante, María & Rillo, Carlota & Niang, Ibrahima & Baker, Lauren & Vidueira, Pablo, 2024. "Harvesting insights for transformation: Developing and testing a participatory food systems modeling framework in Southern Senegal's poultry system," Agricultural Systems, Elsevier, vol. 217(C).
    9. Simon Manda, 2023. "Inside Zambia's ‘new normal:’ COVID‐19 policy responses and implications for peri‐urban food security and livelihoods," Journal of International Development, John Wiley & Sons, Ltd., vol. 35(6), pages 1099-1120, August.
    10. Nur Hikmah Zulhaid & Roslina Kamaruddin & Siti Aznor Ahmad, 2024. "Determinants of Livelihood Strategies Among Rubber Smallholders: Case Study in Kedah Malaysia," Journal of Sustainable Development, Canadian Center of Science and Education, vol. 14(1), pages 1-1, July.
    11. Marije Schaafsma & Ilda Dreoni & Lacour Mody Ayompe & Benis Egoh & Dewa Putu Ekayana & Arilson Favareto & Sonny Mumbunan & Louise Nakagawa & Jonas Ngouhouo‐poufoun & Marieke Sassen & Thiago Kanashiro , 2023. "A framework to understand the social impacts of agricultural trade," Sustainable Development, John Wiley & Sons, Ltd., vol. 31(1), pages 138-150, February.
    12. Yuchen Du & Junfeng Chen & Yi Xie, 2023. "The Impacts of the Asian Elephants Damage on Farmer’s Livelihood Strategies in Pu’er and Xishuangbanna in China," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 15(6), pages 1-14, March.
    13. Dobler-Morales, Carlos & Lorenzen, Matthew & Orozco-Ramírez, Quetzalcóatl & Bocco, Gerardo, 2022. "Beyond a generalized deagrarianization: Livelihood heterogeneity and its determinants in the Mixteca Alta, Mexico," World Development, Elsevier, vol. 160(C).

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