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Determinants of Livelihood Strategies Among Rubber Smallholders: Case Study in Kedah Malaysia

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  • Nur Hikmah Zulhaid
  • Roslina Kamaruddin
  • Siti Aznor Ahmad

Abstract

This study analyzes the determinants of alternative strategies undertaken by rubber smallholders in the state of Kedah. This study used primary data obtained through a survey of 343 smallholders using structured questionnaires in four districts. The information collected covers the demographic profiles and components of livelihood assets. Data were analyzed using one-way ANOVA and Chi-Square descriptive tests while inferential statistics were analyzed using Multinomial logit to identify determinants of strategy selection. The results showed that a majority of 44.9 percent of rubber smallholders opted for rubber and other agricultural activities while only 9.6 percent choose to use a combination of rubber and non-agricultural activities as their alternative strategies. The size of family dependence, duration of experience in agriculture, household income, technology, land size, assistance sources, gender, information sources, involvement in social associations and societies and money savings are all factors that contribute to the selection of smallholder alternative strategies. It is hoped that the government can focus on smallholder awareness measures in an effort to increase their involvement in alternative activities. Agricultural and non-agricultural activities are seen to improve the adaptive capacity of smallholders and thus increase their income.

Suggested Citation

  • Nur Hikmah Zulhaid & Roslina Kamaruddin & Siti Aznor Ahmad, 2024. "Determinants of Livelihood Strategies Among Rubber Smallholders: Case Study in Kedah Malaysia," Journal of Sustainable Development, Canadian Center of Science and Education, vol. 14(1), pages 1-1, July.
    • Handle: RePEc:ibn:jsd123:v:14:y:2024:i:1:p:1
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    References listed on IDEAS

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    1. Belaineh Legesse & Yared Ayele & Woldeamlak Bewket, 2013. "Smallholder Farmers’ Perceptions and Adaptation to Climate Variability and Climate Change in Doba District, West Hararghe, Ethiopia," Asian Journal of Empirical Research, Asian Economic and Social Society, vol. 3(3), pages 251-265, March.
    2. Andrew Dorward & Simon Anderson & Yolanda Nava Bernal & Ernesto Sánchez Vera & Jonathan Rushton & James Pattison & Rodrigo Paz, 2009. "Hanging in, stepping up and stepping out: livelihood aspirations and strategies of the poor," Development in Practice, Taylor & Francis Journals, vol. 19(2), pages 240-247, April.
    3. Belaineh Legesse & Yared Ayele & Woldeamlak Bewket, 2013. "Smallholder Farmers' Perceptions and Adaptation to Climate Variability and Climate Change in Doba District, West Hararghe, Ethiopia," Asian Journal of Empirical Research, Asian Economic and Social Society, vol. 3(3), pages 251-265.
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    JEL classification:

    • R00 - Urban, Rural, Regional, Real Estate, and Transportation Economics - - General - - - General
    • Z0 - Other Special Topics - - General

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