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On the relationships between CO2 emissions and their determinants in Romania and Bulgaria. An ARDL approach

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  • Mariana Hatmanu
  • Cristina Cautisanu
  • Andreea Oana Iacobuta

Abstract

Given the current context, with phenomena such as dramatic climate change, water, air, soil pollution, etc., the complex relation between environmental degradation and economic growth is intensely debated in the academia as well as in worldwide politics. This study examines the relationship between carbon dioxide emissions, gross domestic product, energy consumption, and urbanization rate in Romania and Bulgaria over 1980–2019 period. For this purpose, we have applied the ARDL bounds testing approach and, to validate the robustness of the results, we have used the VEC Granger model. The results showed that there are long term relationships between CO2 emissions per capita and the determinant factors taken into account in both countries; however, while the inverted N-shape of EKC is significant in the case of Bulgaria, this does not happen in the case of Romania although the model which includes the inverted U-shape of EKC is significant for both countries. Considering the fact that both Romania and Bulgaria are emerging economies which, despite having made significant progress, are still in search of a path towards sustainable development, such a study may constitute a good starting point and may suggest some action directions in terms of sustainable development policies.

Suggested Citation

  • Mariana Hatmanu & Cristina Cautisanu & Andreea Oana Iacobuta, 2022. "On the relationships between CO2 emissions and their determinants in Romania and Bulgaria. An ARDL approach," Applied Economics, Taylor & Francis Journals, vol. 54(22), pages 2582-2595, May.
    • Handle: RePEc:taf:applec:v:54:y:2022:i:22:p:2582-2595
    DOI: 10.1080/00036846.2021.1998328
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    Cited by:

    1. Gao, Jinchao & Hassan, Muhammad Shahid & Kalim, Rukhsana & Sharif, Arshian & Alkhateeb, Tarek Tawfik Yousef & Mahmood, Haider, 2023. "The role of clean and unclean energy resources in inspecting N-shaped impact of industrial production on environmental quality: A case of high polluting economies," Resources Policy, Elsevier, vol. 80(C).
    2. Jianu, Ionut, 2022. "Economic development and environmental degradation: A panel ARDL/PMG model for EU-27 countries," EconStor Open Access Articles and Book Chapters, ZBW - Leibniz Information Centre for Economics, vol. 7(13), pages 120-131.
    3. Georgescu, Irina Alexandra & Oprea, Simona-Vasilica & Bâra, Adela, 2024. "Investigating the relationship between macroeconomic indicators, renewables and pollution across diverse regions in the globalization era," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 363(C).
    4. Rafia Afroz & Hind Alofaysan & Masahina Sarabdeen & M. D. Muhibbullah & Yahuza Baba Muhammad, 2024. "Analyzing the Influence of Energy Consumption and Economic Complexity on Carbon Emissions: Evidence from Malaysia," Energies, MDPI, vol. 17(12), pages 1-17, June.
    5. repec:fst:rfsisf:v:13:y:2022:i:13:p:120-131 is not listed on IDEAS
    6. Hamdi El Asli & Lakhmaiss Hamid & Afif Zineb & Azeroual Mohamed, 2024. "Impact of, Human Capital, Economic Factors, Energy Consumption, and Urban Growth on Environmental Sustainability in Morocco: An ARDL Approach," International Journal of Energy Economics and Policy, Econjournals, vol. 14(2), pages 656-668, March.
    7. Ionut Jianu, 2022. "Economic development and environmental degradation: A panel ARDL/PMG model for EU-27 countries," Journal of Financial Studies, Institute of Financial Studies, vol. 13(7), pages 120-131, November.
    8. Nora Yusma Mohamed Yusoff & Abdul Rahim Ridzuan & Thomas Soseco & Wahjoedi & Bagus Shandy Narmaditya & Lim Chee Ann, 2023. "Comprehensive Outlook on Macroeconomic Determinants for Renewable Energy in Malaysia," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 15(5), pages 1-15, February.
    9. Tanattrin Bunnag, 2023. "Environmental Kuznets Curve Model for the United States: A Consideration of Foreign Direct Investment Variable," International Journal of Energy Economics and Policy, Econjournals, vol. 13(4), pages 130-138, July.
    10. repec:fst:rfsisf:v:7:y:2022:i:13:p:120-131 is not listed on IDEAS
    11. Ma, Fenfen & Saleem, Hummera & Ding, Xueting & Nazir, Sidra & Tariq, Salman, 2024. "Do natural resource rents, green technological innovation, and renewable energy matter for ecological sustainability? Role of green policies in testing the environmental kuznets curve hypothesis," Resources Policy, Elsevier, vol. 91(C).

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